Consequences of hiroshima

Consequences of hiroshima. Reports say the total combined death toll of the cities is between 129,000-240,000 while others say it could be higher. The long-term effects of radiation exposure also increased cancer rates in the survivors A single atomic bomb, the first weapon of its type ever used against a target, exploded over the city of Hiroshima at 0815 on the morning of 6 August 1945. The bombing had numerous negative social effects on both cities. For the sake of the survival of humanity, we must free the world of weapons that threaten catastrophic humanitarian consequences and irreversible harm. Here’s what the city looks like today and the lingering effects of the bombing: Advertisement. Besides assessing the damage to Japan, the report also suggested that the data collected Feb 5, 2024 · “Hiroshima: The Aftermath” is a documentary film that explores the long-term consequences and effects of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima during World War II. On August 6, 1945, the US dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. Examine maps of the damage to Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and summaries of arms-control treaties. August Aug 6, 2020 · The Hiroshima attack killed around 80,000 people instantly, ultimately causing about 130,000 deaths while the attack on Nagasaki instantly killed about 40,000, destroying a third of the city Many largescale factories survived the devastation, and the workforce of Hiroshima Prefecture remained almost the same level. Besides killing around 200,000 civilians and military personnel, the atomic bombings dropped on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan unleashed an invisible plague. The limits of blast effects extended 8 miles out, where some glass reportedly shattered in Hiroshima; at the same city, some roof stripping and disturbance of tiles was inflicted at the Japan Steel Co. Research abounds on the ethical debates surrounding the bombing, the legal and political ramifications of the use of nuclear weapons, the socio-cultural underpinnings of the peace movements, and the somatic and psychological consequences of the bombing. After the bombings, the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki faced enormous rebuilding and recovery challenges. Lethal direct radiation extends nearly a mile from a 10-kiloton explosion. According to the city of Hiroshima, approximately 140,000 people had died by the end of May 23, 2024 · Hiroshima, city, capital of Hiroshima prefecture, southwestern Honshu, Japan. It was the first time nuclear weapons had been used, followed three days later by the bombing of Nagasaki. 4-square-mile (11. While many victims died immediately or within a few years of the bombing, there were many negative effects on survivors in terms of both health and social/economic The General Effects of the Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. 9, 1945) that marked the first use of atomic weapons in war. The United States and the Allies were fighting against Japan and slowly winning. The citizens of Hiroshima were also unaware that they were going to be some of the last casualties of World War Two. Two days later a powerful Soviet army attacked Manchuria, overwhelming Japanese defenders. Mar 10, 2018 · The Lasting Effects Of The Atomic Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki. National Academy of Sciences. Jan 23, 2021 · The humanitarian and environmental consequences of nuclear weapons were demonstrated to the world in 1945, when they were used by the United States of America as weapons of war in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. A memorandum from a Mar 1, 2021 · Abstract. 1. The bomb, which detonated with an energy of around 15 kilotons of TNT By the end of 1945, the bombing had killed an estimated 140,000 people in Hiroshima, and a further 74,000 in Nagasaki. Selden (Editors) This book is a collection of poems, photographs, essays, and memoirs by survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The response of the international media to the possible health effects of the radiation leaks that occurred at Fukushima, Japan, following the massive earthquake and Tsunami have shown that the authors have still not learned suffi ciently from the Chernobyl accident. The bombing that took place in Hiroshima and Nagasaki was defining moment in the history of the second war. In 1949, a Nagasaki City committee estimated Sep 1, 1995 · The first use of an atomic bomb in warfare took place on August 6, 1945. This direct radiation is produced in the weapon’s nuclear reactions themselves, and lasts well under a second. Past studies include analysis of birth defects (untoward pregnancy outcome; namely, malformation, stillbirth, and perinatal death The Atomic Archive explores the complex history surrounding the invention of the atomic bomb. While many victims died Aug 13, 2022 · INTRODUCTION. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan in 1945, the powerful explosions and destruction that followed were expected. Much of the destruction caused by a nuclear explosion is due to blast effects. The United States military suffered 19 ships damaged or sunk, and 2,403 people were killed. In plain prose, Hersey described the horrifying aftermath of the atomic device: people with melted eyeballs, or people vaporized, leaving only their shadows etched onto walls. bomber Enola Gay, instantaneously destroying four square miles in the middle of the population center. Library of Congress Jul 22, 2020 · On August 6, 1945, at approximately 8:15 a. [2] Hours after the president came out and expressed to the American public what had happened. Jul 11, 2013 · After studying hundreds of Hiroshima and Nagasaki survivors, Dr. Follow a timeline that takes you down the path of our nuclear past to the present. Between 2 and 50 people were killed in the initial explosions, and dozens more contracted serious radiation sickness, some of whom later died. 3,709 Experience from Hiroshima and Nagasaki, as well as Chernobyl, has had a direct bearing on the Fukushima Health Management Survey, a long-term monitoring plan of the affected population modelled on the treatment of post-war hibakusha. This was a decision he came to because he said there were only 3 other options and none of them seemed to be valid. Navy reports on the medical effects of the atomic bombings. May 25, 2016 · JUDY WOODRUFF: But first what science is still learning from the survivors of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings. Aug 6, 2015 · KIMIMASA MAYAMA/epa/Corbis. Mar 2, 2022 · A Bomb Explodes: Short-Term Effects. What we do know, is that in August of 1945, the United States military dropped a new type of bomb on Hiroshima. Aug 9, 2012 · Within the first few months after the bombing, it is estimated by the Radiation Effects Research Foundation (a cooperative Japan-U. The human consequences of the atomic bombings have not ceased; many people are still dying of radiation-induced malignant diseases and it is too early to finalize the total death toll, but hibakusha have faced a never-ending struggle to regenerate their lives and families under the fear of disease. Data were gathered until saturation was achieved. Effects of the Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. detonated a nuclear bomb over the city. One more major factor for the reconstruction was government led projects. Owen B. Radiation Injuries. The nine-man crew onboard the Enola Gay was tasked with “complete and utter destruction. Photo courtesy of Hirano. In March 1946, the city of Hiroshima put the same number at 64,610. Toon; Oct 27, 2023 · The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were nuclear attacks on the Empire of Japan during World War II (WWII). An atomic bomb, codenamed "Little Boy," was dropped over Hiroshima Japan on August 6, 1945. The United States was creating a secret weapon not even their allies, nor most high-ranking officials of the United States government knew about. Deaths and illnesses from radiation injury continued to mount through the following decades. The war was coming closer and closer to Japan’s doorstep. (Source: Wikimedia Commons. ABSTRACT Seventy-four years have passed since the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Fig. Taking less than one millionth of a second for The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by The Manhattan Engineer District, June 29, 1946. August Through belongings left by the victims, A-bombed artifacts, testimonies of A-bomb survivors and related materials, the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum conveys to the world the horrors and the inhumane nature of nuclear weapons and spreads the message of “No More Hiroshimas. ”. The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima. Flash burns, a susceptibility to leukemia, cataracts and malignant tumors were some of the other effects. And yet significant aspects of that bombing The United States dropped the bomb on Japan on August 6, 1945. Selden & Kyoko I. The detonation of atomic bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 resulted in horrific casualties. Congress never declared war on Germany either. Leaflets dropped on cities in Japan warning civilians about the atomic bomb, dropped c. , August 8, 2022 – After years of research and planning, U. These deaths include those who died due to the force and excruciating heat of the Jun 4, 2021 · The long-term physical health effects of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki are well characterised, but the psychological effects remain unclear. 6, 1945) and Nagasaki (Aug. As the city disappeared under a mushroom cloud, Captain Robert Lewis – co-pilot of the Enola Gay, the bomber that dropped the weapon – wrote in his log “My Go Mar 14, 2017 · Discover key moments from history and stories about fascinating people on the Official BBC Documentary channel: http://bit. In addition, the aftermath of nuclear radiation brought with it a series of health problems, such as cancer, genetic diseases, and genetic The decision by the United States to drop the world’s first atomic weapons on two Japanese cities—Hiroshima first, on Aug. Let us ensure that their deaths were For the full article, see atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . I think it was necessary to drop one, but the second one could have easily been avoided. Stories from Hiroshima atomic bomb survivors from the original data set constituted the data for this analysis. Hideki Tojo, Japanese Prime Minister at the time of the attack. The Aftermath of Hiroshima. When the U. Apr 29, 2024 · Chernobyl disaster, accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power station in the Soviet Union in 1986, the worst disaster in nuclear power generation history. Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor took place on December 7, 1941. Using information from U. , 4. Jul 1, 1995 · Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore. In August 1946, the city put the number of dead and missing at one year after the bombing at 122,338. Often lost in those numbers are the experiences of the survivors, known as hibakusha (literally “atomic bomb-affected people”). Therefore, we sought to determine whether measures of exposure severity, as indirect measures of psychological trauma arising from exposure to the atomic bombings, are associated with Mar 24, 2017 · Discover key moments from history and stories about fascinating people on the Official BBC Documentary channel: http://bit. Containing a detailed description of the bomb's effects, the article was a publishing sensation. A convenience sample of Hiroshima atomic bomb survivors living in Tokyo or Hiroshima was recruited by Japanese researchers from a cross-cultural research team . 1728 Words7 Pages. The use of atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki has been extensively studied in war and peace literature. List of the Advantages of Dropping the Atomic Bomb. 4-square-km) area of the city centre. August 6 marks the seventy-fifth anniversary of the atomic bombing of the Japanese city Hiroshima. Thus far, the Commission, now known as Radiation Effects Research Foundation, has studied over 75,000 Hiroshima survivors. Most of the city was destroyed. The exact death toll of the 1945 atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki is not known. 2011. organization) that between 90,000 and 166,000 people died in Hiroshima, while another 60,000 to 80,000 died in Nagasaki. Aftermath of the August 6, 1945 Atomic Bomb blast in Hiroshima, 1946. Jun 20, 2023 · The long-term consequences. Aug 7, 2023 · Included are the initial secret and top secret Manhattan Project and U. You'll Aug 5, 2019 · The effects of the atom bomb used on Hiroshima at the end of World War 2 - human casualties, destruction, and political consequences. There was an increase in birth defects that occurred in the years after the event as well. In nine months, the USSBS Oct 14, 2022 · The ruins of the Museum of Science and Industry in Hiroshima, Japan, seen shortly after the U. But no one could say by The United States Strategic Bombing Survey, June 30, 1946. Both Hiroshima and Nagasaki are no longer radioactive due Aug 6, 2015 · But some observers believe the effects of Hiroshima have acted as a deterrent Hong Kong CNN — The world’s first nuclear weapon was used in warfare 70 years on August 6, 1945 at precisely 8. A superpower confrontation with a few thousand weapons would be catastrophic. m. On the ground, the city was alive with morning activity when the bomb detonated in a blinding explosion. The atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 70 years ago, is one of the most studied events in modern history. No health effects of any sort have so far been At Hiroshima, for example, persons in a concrete building 3,600 feet from ground zero showed no clinical effects from gamma radiation, but those protected only by wooden buildings at a similar distance suffered from radiation disease. Later, several study parties devoted to the various branches of science were organized by the Japan Council for Scientific Research and dispatched to Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Aug 4, 2016 · The detonation of atomic bombs over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 resulted in horrific casualties and devastation. Considering the character and consequences of that day in which man’s history was completely changed, it is imperative that the issues Apr 22, 2015 · These effects on the surface were inspected several times by scientists from various universities and research institutes a few days after the bombing. Its most significant consequence was the entrance of the United States into World Genetic studies in the offspring of atomic bomb survivors have been conducted since 1948 at the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission and its successor, the Radiation Effects Research Foundation, in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. What we do know, is that in August of 1945, the United States The United States Strategic Bombing Survey that report describes the effects of the atomic bombs which were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively. TLDR. Jan 29, 2019 · 6. Credit: Junko Kimura/Getty Images On Aug. 57 A survey conducted 17 to 20 years after the bombings found that people who were in the city at the time of the bombings reported higher frequencies of Aug 31, 1996 · Diagrams recently declassified by the Medical Research Council in the Public Records Office dating from early 1946 show that British doctors and scientists were fully aware that there was substantial residual radiation in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki when the British Commonwealth Occupation Forces (BCOF) were sent in a few months after the two atomic detonations. Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor. Deaths from the bombings are estimated to be around . by Mark I. Most of the industrial workers had already reported to work, but many workers were enroute and nearly all the school children and some industrial employees were at work in the open on the program of building removal to provide firebreaks May 2, 2016 · The exact death toll of the 1945 atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki is not known. It wasn’t just the current generation that experienced a negative impact because of the atomic bombs falling on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. 15 am. 1: Effects of the atomic bomb in Hiroshima, viewed from the top of the Red Cross Hospital. Mar 1, 2021 · This paper examines long-term consequences of one of the most serious catastrophes ever inflicted on humankind: the atomic bombing that occurred in Hiroshima in 1945. Janis reported that the bright flash arriving at light speed ahead of the blast wave allowed them to take evasive action in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, a fact ignored in computer models of blast casualties (Psychological Effects of Atomic Bombing, Industrial College of the Aug 7, 2012 · The city of Hiroshima is located on the broad fan-shaped delta of the Ota River, whose seven mouths divide the city into six islands which project finger-like into Hiroshima Bay of the Inland Sea. The weapon was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima by the U. 1 million. locally, the B-29 bomber Enola Gay dropped the atomic bomb “Little Boy” on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. There are now at least 350 000 individuals to be followed over their lifespans for effects of low-dose radiation. Jul 27, 2020 · Greg Mitchell is the author of [Atomic Cover-up: Two U. It explores the consequences of nuclear warfare, and describes the effects on its victims in gruesome detail. As pointed out in another section of this report the radiations from the nuclear explosions which caused injuries to persons were primarily those experienced within the first second after the explosion; a few may have occurred later, but all occurred in the first minute. 1 miles from ground zero. It is estimated that 4,000 of these children were orphaned due to the bombing. Jul 27, 2017 · Thursday, July 27, 2017. Orthodox history represents the atomic bombing on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 as a significant tuning point because it brought WW2 to an end and the US wanted revenge for Pearl Harbour. Tens of thousands were killed in the initial explosions and At about 8:15 AM on August 6, 1945, Hiroshima became the first city in the world to be struck with an atomic bomb. Read biographies of A-bomb father Robert Oppenheimer and Enrico Fermi's dispassionate account of the Trinity Test. 6, 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima, killing tens of thousands of people – many instantly, others from the effects The Legacy of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Soldiers, Hiroshima and Nagasaki], and [The Greatest Movie Never Made]. " On August 6, 1945, an Allied plane dropped an atomic bomb on The extent of psychological and social effects of the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was captured by an in-depth interview study conducted in 1962 56 and numerous other anecdotal reports. Each person was loved by someone. This report describes the effects of the atomic bombs which were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively. This week, President Obama becomes the first sitting president to visit Hiroshima. Two nuclear weapons were dropped on Japan, one on the city of Hiroshima and the other on the city of Nagasaki (the generals wanted to bomb Kokura Aug 3, 2018 · Today, Hiroshima is a prosperous manufacturing hub with a population of over 1. “Each person had a name. 6, 1945, and Nagasaki three days later—was that rare historical Aug 6, 2018 · 73 Years Later, the "A-Bomb" Ginkgo Trees Still Grow in Hiroshima. There are two major cohort data to investigate health effects of radiation, one is a database of A-bomb survivors (ABS) in the Hiroshima Prefecture followed-up by our Institute and the other is the ‘Life span cohort’ followed-up by Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF). The mass destruction of these two cities had a detrimental effect on the economic part of the cities. C. ” May 21, 2017 · The Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission was created in 1947 under the supervision of U. As many as 70,000 people were killed instantly. "There’s a huge paradox at the heart of this ginkgo story. There was an increase in birth defects after the bombs were dropped. August 6, 1945. Aug 6, 2020 · A view of Hiroshima in September 1945, weeks after an atomic bomb destroyed the city. Nov 29, 2022 · Sampling. reports to discuss in detail the terrible course of radiation sickness. atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, During World War II, U. The survey team included 300 civilians, 350 officers and 500 enlisted men with 60% from the Army and 40% from the Navy. It served as retribution for the attack on Pearl Harbor. Aug 4, 2015 · Visitors look at a photograph of the area surrounding the Atomic Bomb Dome, captured after the atomic bomb was dropped in Hiroshima, Japan. Their symptoms ranged from nausea, bleeding and loss of hair, to death. These mouths of the river furnished excellent firebreaks in a city that is otherwise flat and only slightly above sea level. 2 miles of the hypocenter was entirely leveled and burned. First to be dropped was a uranium-based weapon dubbed Little Boy; it hit the city of Hiroshima, killing 90,000-146,000 people in the first Many survivors began to notice the effects of exposure to the bomb's radiation. The first was he could await the Soviet entry into the Pacific War. On August the 6th 1945 in Japan, the US military dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Aug 7, 2015 · Published: August 7, 2015 6:04am EDT. we believe it is the right time to present the dreadful consequences that no words can describe of the The medical effects of the atomic bomb upon humans can be put into the four categories below, with the effects of larger thermonuclear weapons producing blast and thermal effects so large that there would be a negligible number of survivors close enough to the center of the blast who would experience prompt/acute radiation effects, which were observed after the 16 kiloton yield Hiroshima bomb Aug 4, 2020 · The effects of the atomic bomb are still felt in Japan and the world, 75 years later. Sep 6, 2017 · Hiroshima And Nagasaki Bombings. before Hiroshima in ruins, October 1945, two months after the atomic bomb exploded. Nov 13, 2019 · The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki: A Summary of the Human Consequences, 1945-2018, and Lessons for Homo sapiens to End the Nuclear Weapon Age November 2019 Journal for Peace and One of the most tragic consequences was the damage done to Hiroshima's families. The most immediate effect of a nuclear explosion is an intense burst of nuclear radiation, primarily gamma rays and neutrons. Irving L. The nuclear bomb exploded over the center of the city, completely devastating it. The museum is open today 7:30-19:00 (Last entry is 30 min. By the end of 1945, the atomic bombings of Japan had killed an estimated 140,000 people at Hiroshima and 74,000 at Nagasaki, including those who died from radiation poisoning. S. Proponents point out that it was Japan who launched an unprovoked attack against the United States to bring Americans into World War II in the first place. August 6, 1945, has been called “the day man lost,” for regardless of race, nationality, beliefs, economic and or military strengths and weaknesses, and political ideologies, we all lost. Aug 14, 2019 · The consequences of the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan in 1945 at the end of World War II for science, the Cold War, the arms race, and anti-nuclear peace activism. officials and scientists overseeing the Manhattan Project were startlingly unprepared for the emergence of evidence of the long-term effects of radiation generated by the atomic bomb – even after the Trinity test in July 1945 and the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 77 years ago this week, according to May 26, 2024 · The long-term health consequences for survivors, the environmental devastation, and the social stigma endured by the hibakusha attest to the uniquely awful toll of nuclear warfare. investigations in Hiroshima and Nagasaki and from Japanese doctors and scientists, they were the first official U. In September 1949, Hiroshima City announced a five-year plan for reconstruction of its industry (draft), which set a goal of increasing Jun 2, 2017 · On June 19, 1946, the USSBS published a report, The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , which addressed the observations and results of the USSBS surveys in Japan. Finally, the near destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki had a The Consequences Of The Atomic Bomb In Hiroshima. A regional war involving 100 Hiroshima-sized weapons would pose a worldwide threat due to ozone destruction and climate change. bombing raids on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima (Aug. Download PDF. Estimates of the number of people killed outright or shortly after the blast have ranged upward from 70,000. Dec 6, 2023 · Abstract. Aug 12, 2016 · The immediate effects of the attacks were devastating. The accident at the Chernobyl power plant in 1986 and the bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 provide insight into the short and long-term effects of radiation and thermonuclear detonation on the environment. On August 6, 1945, Hiroshima became the first city in the world to be struck by an atomic bomb. On August 6 an American B-29 dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, instantly killing some 70,000 people and effectively destroying a 4. The area within 1. Dec 1, 2008 · Environmental consequences of nuclear war. ly/BBCDocs_YouTube_ChannelThe scal Dec 2, 2019 · After 1950, medical consequences were chronologically analyzed and the results of analysis were reported regularly by the cooperative efforts of Nagasaki University Medical School, Hiroshima University Medical School, the former Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission – now the Radiation Effects Research Foundation – and Municipal Centers for The War Department created the United States Strategic Bombing Survey to evaluate the effectiveness of these various bombing campaigns in Europe and the Pacific, including the physical devastation caused by dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In the years that followed, many of the survivors would face leukemia, cancer, or other terrible side effects from the radiation. The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 and medical studies conducted since that time have shown the type of immediate and long-term health consequences that can be expected in the event of even a limited use of nuclear weapons. ly/BBCDocs_YouTube_ChannelHear fir Aug 4, 2020 · The police at Hiroshima prefecture estimated that there were 92,133 dead and missing from the city at the end of November 1945. While many victims died immediately or within a few years of the bombing, there were many negative effects on survivors in terms of both health and social/economic aspects that Aug 8, 2022 · Washington, D. This paper examines long-term consequences of one of the most serious catastrophes ever inflicted on humankind: the atomic bombing that occurred in Hiroshima in 1945. On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped a nuclear weapon on Hiroshima, Japan – the first time such a catastrophic weapon was ever used in conflict. Describes effects, particularly blast effects, and the response of various types of structures to the weapons' effects. It was founded as a castle town in the 16th century and lies at the head of Hiroshima Bay, an embayment of the Inland Sea. Apr 16, 2018 · When an atomic or nuclear bomb detonates, the 1 megaton blast kills or poisons everything within a two-mile radius. Aug 3, 2018 · Today, Hiroshima is a prosperous manufacturing hub with a population of over 1. The blast killed 66,000 men, women, and children, and injured an additional 69,000. May 17, 2023 · As G7 leaders gather in Hiroshima for their meeting, the world must remember the horror wrought by the two atomic bombings of 1945. The necessary thickness varies with the substance and with the distance from the point of detonation. According to the Atomic Bomb Museum, there were 6,500 orphans in the city of Hiroshima following the bombing. Their purpose was to study the short and long term effects of radiation exposure (Shigematsu ). The film delves into the aftermath of the bombing, including the physical destruction of the city, the immediate casualties, and the ongoing impact on survivors, known as hibakusha. The loss of human life was immense, with many people left homeless. The atomic bomb (A-bomb) was dropped on Hiroshima at 8:15 am on 6 August 1945. The Atomic Bomb: Voices from Hiroshima and Nagasaki. tf nx lf wq py ff oo dm qf jz