Dog limbs

Dog limbs. A benign growth of these cells is a basal cell tumor. This item: Hekisace Lightwheight Cat&Dog Wheelchair, Adjustable Pets Cart with Wheels for Back Legs,Dog Leg Brace and Hip Support, Assist Small Pets with Paralyzed Hind Limbs to Recover Their Mobility Nov 15, 2010 · Prosthetic Limbs for Dogs. Consulting with a veterinarian is essential to diagnose and treat the underlying cause of . Fully adjustable dog wheelchair for back legs. 200+ bought in past month. 00 ($39. Mar 25, 2021 · Essentially, this is an artificial device that can be used to replace the missing limb for your dog. Abdominal mammary region. Feb 22, 2024 · Leg amputations in dogs is the surgical removal of a dog's leg, typically as a palliative measure to prevent worsening pain. Nov 2, 2022 · What are the varied types of cysts on dogs? Here are the various external skin cysts and how to determine whether or not they may need further examination. It provides information about a dog’s skeletal, reproductive, internal, and external anatomy, along with accompanying labeled diagrams. It mostly occurs around a joint. Causes include sports and play injuries, falls, car accidents, gunshot wounds, and underlying disease processes that weaken bones. We mostly fabricate partial limb prosthetics for dogs. Patience is key here; moderate pressure may be required to trigger their scratching reflex. Decreased Dog leg braces help support dogs by alleviating pressure on the joints and allowing for pain-free movement and healing. Aortic arch. Difficulty posturing to urinate or defecate, or having accidents in the house. An angular or rotational limb deformity is a pathological abnormality in the spatial alignment of any limb. Jan 30, 2024 · Pain when petted or touched. However, for long-term overall health, it might be best to take unbalanced weight off the three healthy intact limbs. Apr 25, 2023 · Compare with bones of the thoracic limb of the horse and other small animals (e. Mar 7, 2023 · Several symptoms to look out for can indicate a broken bone in dogs. Nov 3, 2023 · Dog leg muscles play a crucial role in our canine companions' everyday activities, from walking and running to jumping and playing. The bones of the goat and sheep thoracic limb are like those of the bovine. Shaking back legs, twitching, and leg tremors in dogs are likely caused by a medical condition. They do not stretch. Your pet’s reflexes will also be tested to determine, if possible, the location of the injury in the brain, spinal cord, or nerves in the peripheral Dogs are back to their normal lifestyle after wearing their knee brace for 9 months. Adductor muscle. Basal cell tumors are common in dogs and most are benign. Most pet parents don’t enjoy dogs who bite, chew and mouth their hands, limbs or clothing during play and interaction. Jun 3, 2019 · A key part of a dog's anatomy is the tail. Pale gums or bad breath. Next, avoid creating pressure points by padding any bony prominences or areas where the splint may rub against the skin. , dog). May 19, 2023 · If the limping is new and your dog puts weight on the limb while limping, it is okay to monitor them for 24 hours before seeing a veterinarian. Aorta. Applying a cold compress can help alleviate pain Jun 8, 2017 · Brain and Nerves - In some cases, inflammation of the brain and the nerves can cause a dog to be stiff or to have a stiffened gait; diseases like meningitis, bacterial encephalitis, and acquired myasthenia gravis, are known to cause inflammation that affects the nerves and the brain. 3. DM’s first symptom is coordination loss in the hind legs, which may appear as the dog wobbling while walking or dragging his feet. The point is that it can act like the limb that is missing so your pooch does not have a lower quality of life. 95. Expert Evaluation from our Medically Based Staff. Loss of muscle mass over the limbs and spine. The exact cause is unknown. Our partial pet prosthetic legs are Nov 24, 2021 · Paralysis can occur in one, two, or all legs. Dogs showing signs of paralysis, such as: dragging limbs, weakness, pain, or inability to walk properly, need to be treated by their veterinarian immediately. In other cases, a dog may limp on and off intermittently. Alimentar canal. Your pet’s reflexes will also be tested to determine, if possible, the location of the injury in the brain, spinal cord, or nerves in the peripheral Your dog may do well as a tripod dog. The dogs can remain in this position from a few Jun 21, 2021 · The Benefits of a Dog Prosthetic. 3,220. Oct 18, 2022 · October 18, 2022. There are different types of fractures, and combinations are possible and are required in treatment considerations. Affected dogs are usually between 6 and 18 months Degenerative myelopathy (DM), also known as chronic degenerative radiculomyelopathy (CDRM) or German shepherd degenerative myelopathy, is a disease that affects the spinal cord, resulting in slowly progressive hind limb weakness and paralysis. They’re made up entirely of fat cells and are always benign, or non-cancerous. Unusual growths or lumps that may be soft or firm. Post-surgery restrictions = crate rest. Dec 26, 2023 · Some of the include: -⁤ **Bones:** The⁢ dog’s‍ leg is made⁣ up of several⁢ bones, ‍including the femur, tibia,⁣ fibula, and various smaller⁢ bones ‍in the foot. Options: 4 sizes. Remember, if you have concerns about your dog's leg shaking or any accompanying symptoms, it is recommended to consult a veterinarian for a comprehensive evaluation and appropriate guidance. The dog may even drag the affected limb around. Lethargy. Coughing or difficulty breathing Feb 29, 2024 · There are three main bone sections on their front legs. All measurements from the affected limb should be compared to measurements from the opposite limb, to measurements of dogs of similar age and conformation, or to values reported in the Dec 9, 2021 · A lipoma is a common type of benign skin tumor found in dogs . Let’s find out whether dogs actually have arms or just four legs. Paralysis and leg weakness can affect both your dog’s front and It provides information about a dog’s skeletal, reproductive, internal, and external anatomy, along with accompanying labeled diagrams. These fatty tumors appear as soft, round lumps of flesh beneath the skin. Dec 12, 2023 · In some cases, the dog can put weight on all limbs but a limp or abnormal gait is observed, which may be obvious or subtle. A prosthetic limb helps improve a pet’s quality of life and continue to live an active lifestyle. Conditions such as degenerative joint disease, a torn ligament, arthritis, or hip dysplasia can cause pain tremors when the dog tries to walk. Ala of nose. It usually occurs in large dog breeds, but any breed can be affected. Tendons attach each end of a muscle to a bone. , German shepherd (most common), Great Dane, golden retriever, Labrador retriever, rottweiler, Doberman pinscher, and basset hound). Jun 7, 2023 · Osteosarcoma, a type of bone cancer, is a common reason for dog leg amputations. Often seen as limping or dragging of the limb in dogs, it can point to nerve or muscular damage. Tremors are involuntary muscle movements resulting from aging, stress, or illness. Joints - One of the most common causes of stiffness and Feb 5, 2024 · Pain Tremors. Here are a few other benefits of pet prosthetics: Prosthetics can bear weight and allow pets to walk naturally. Melanoma Adjustable Dog Wheel-Chair for Back Legs,Pet Walk Tools,Pet Mobility Aids with Wheels,Dog Leg Brace and Hip Support, Suitable for Back Legs,Dog Assisted Walking Device 2. 80 Aug 23, 2023 · Some effective physical therapy exercises for a dog with a leg fracture are leash walk, swimming, sit and stand, and stand and stay exercises. Movement can obliterate the tremor, suggesting that a degree of tension in the pelvic limb muscles is required to elicit it. Any kind of physical trauma to the soft tissue of the ligament in a dog’s leg results in a sprain or strain. 5. Fitting your dog for a prosthetic limb will take the strain off the intact limbs and improve core strength while taking pressure off your dog’s neck and back. Sprained and Strained Legs. Muscle injuries are common in dogs — Strains or pulled muscles occur when dogs’ ligaments become overstretched. 【Crafted For Ultimate Comfort & Durability】: BENCMATE Dog Knee Brace is made from the softest fabric, ensuring a comfortable fit for your dog without causing any irritation. As a result, they have more difficulty walking. Acromion. Angiology. Basal cells lie at the base of the top layer of the skin (the epidermis). 4 out of 5 stars 9 1 offer from $49. Oct 19, 2023 · There is a difference between strains and sprains, but both are tears related to limbs. Limping is a prominent sign of a pulled muscle — Some dogs may even go lame and won Leg braces will range in cost, depending on the size of the dog, the brace location, and the materials. Bloated stomach. Cruciate Care Dog Knee Brace – this brace can help dogs experiencing arthritis in the knee joint as well as luxating patellas, or torn CCLs. These may include: Enlarged lymph nodes. This backup increases the pressure in the vein making fluid Dec 21, 2020 · Dogs can lose a limb for a variety of reasons. Understanding the various muscles at work. Ligaments are also tough cords formed of connective tissue. Muscle tears are also very painful and affect the dog’s movement. Jun 21, 2021 · The Benefits of a Dog Prosthetic. Dogs are living longer and surviving once fatal diseases. Turns out, dogs who move their legs, smack their lips, breath heavily, quiver their whiskers and even send out an occasional whine, bark or howl, are simply dreaming. Causes. Provide support and stability. If you suspect your dog may be exhibiting Jan 9, 2024 · Lipomas. This is usually for aesthetics, although some working dogs may have them docked to protect them from being caught. This helps reduce stress on the injured area. Sep 17, 2023 · A broken bone is a painful situation, but some dogs can hide it well and only seem like their leg has fallen asleep. Most dogs are getting our knee braces instead of surgery because: Their age / other health conditions. Maybe they were born with an abnormal limb, or were hit by a car, or developed a cancerous growth that necessitated an amputation. Issues in the limbs: swelling, limping or signs of pain. Treatments for each of these issues can be vastly different. There is no difference in urgency between a dog limping on a front leg or a back leg. Accessory carpal bone. $17. Jul 6, 2023 · Step 2: Engage in Gentle Scratching. Panosteitis is a condition that affects young, rapidly growing dogs. Some tick-borne disease (Lymes disease, rickettsia disease) may cause swollen legs in dogs. Dog Wheelchair for Back Legs, Reflective Pet Wheel with Handle Leash,Assist Small Pets with Paralyzed Hind Limbs to Recover Their Mobility,Adjustable Cart with Wheels,Dog Hip Support. Nov 14, 2023 · The Premium Dog ACL Knee Brace is an innovative and supportive solution designed to aid dogs suffering from knee injuries such as a torn ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) in their hind leg. As your dog ages, they may develop tremors in their back legs. The dogs can remain in this position from a few May 13, 2024 · In general, gradual onset limps in dogs are caused by an underlying, chronic or degenerative condition, such as osteoarthritis or dysplasia. Oct 1, 2023 · First, align the leg with the natural angle to maintain a comfortable position for the dog. While there are many health issues that can affect the strength and function of dogs’ hind legs, the most common issue I see, by far, is arthritis. They serve as both back and front leg dog prosthetics. Feb 9, 2024 · Dog Who Lost Her 'Limbs, Ears, Tail, and Toes' to Animal Cruelty Cares for Foster Puppies as She Heals Mar 18, 2024 · The interesting question of “Do dogs have arms or legs?” has been underway by both experts and dog owners. Although it can occur in any breed of dog, larger breeds are more prone to this problem (e. Congenital Defects. If your dog's back legs shake, it could be a sign of pain, especially in the hip or knee area. 1. Here are some common signs to look for: Limping or favoring the affected leg: A dog with a dislocated leg may limp or refuse to put weight on the affected Feb 15, 2010 · However, there are other symptoms your dog displays that are related to the underlying disease causing myoclonus. What they may be dreaming about may remain a mystery, but it's highly suspected that just like us, they may be re Feb 7, 2024 · Custom made just for your pet in the USA. This helps prevent discomfort and skin irritation. Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy. Limping may be short-lived—sometimes a dog may limp for a few moments and then be fine. Limping and lameness may be intermittent or constant depending on the situation. 5 days ago · The costs of a dog prosthetic can vary widely depending on the dog’s size, the limb, the manufacturer, the materials, and the design process. Allow amputee pets to distribute their weight evenly and remain balanced. Sometimes, the dog will hold up the affected limb and will not put any weight on it. This makes blood back up in the veins and fluid starts to accumulate. 96 with Subscribe & Save discount. Front Support Kit add-on available. The consequences of ALD are functional lameness as a result of abnormal posture, and painful lameness as a result of joint incongruity. 2. Veterinary science is moving at quite a startling rate. Built & Shipped in 24 hours* for most orders. Although shaking can be a sign of pain, it’s possible that your dog may not even realize its leg is twitching. The industries and researchers that support the veterinary community are playing their part in helping dogs live a healthier longer life too, but one thing that cannot be medicated against Labra Dog Extra Supportive Canine Rear (Hind) Leg Hock Joint Compression Wrap for Recovery, Protection, and Sprain and Injury Prevention, Ankle Brace with Knee Support for Dogs - Large. The jaws of an adult dog can cause significantly more pain than puppy teeth, and adult dogs can inadvertently cause injury while mouthing. This suggests a role for the stretch reflex mechanism similar to IHTS (Video 4). Common symptoms of broken bones in dogs include: Pain; Unusual or abnormal angle of the limb; Swelling and bruising; Lameness of the affected limb or inability to put weight on the limb; Bone protruding from the skin; Crepitus or crunching noises that occur with movement of Jan 5, 2024 · 【Support for All 4 Legs】BNOSDM dog leg brace is designed to provide support and reduce joint pain for dogs with knee issues in all four limbs, Universal design for all four Limbs, allowing them to move comfortably. The most common level of amputation is where the limb meets the body 1. Jul 14, 2023 · 6. Abdominal aorta. Antebrachial region. The symptoms result from degeneration of the white matter of the spinal cord. Amputations in dogs are commonly performed due to severe trauma, cancer, or birth defects 1, 2. Tick-Borne Diseases. Causes may involve problems of the nails, joints, muscle, bones, blood supply to the leg, or neurologic disease. Your pet’s reflexes will also be tested to determine, if possible, the location of the injury in the brain, spinal cord, or nerves in the peripheral A dog with severe OA combined with an angular limb deformity may not function better if the deformity is corrected because of the presence of OA-induced pain. Canine basal cell tumors most commonly develop in middle-aged to older dogs. But doctors said the damage had already been done. By examining these areas, you can gather valuable information to share with your veterinarian. We can also create custom prosthetics for other species. On the other hand, an injury or trauma is usually the Jan 30, 2024 · Changes in appetite, trouble eating, or unintentional weight loss. It is typically found in dogs between 8 and 14 years old. Caring for disabled dogs with amputated limbs, spinal injuries, trauma, degenerative disease, seizures, incontinence, or requiring hospice in old age Nov 7, 2012 · Prosthetic Limbs for Dogs: A New Reality. For example, Lyme disease may be a culprit. Prosthetic intervention has been used for many years in human rehabilitation to achieve mechanical and rehabilitative goals, that is, to stand up and walk again. List: $29. A malignant growth is a basal cell carcinoma. The strain often occurs from a twist or sudden movement. The pathophysiology A wide range of symptoms may present when a dog has one of the types of sarcoma. Jun 13, 2022 · Trembling and shaking legs are unpredictable and may impact only one limb or several. These muscles provide strength, support, and stability to their limbs, allowing them to maneuver effectively and maintain overall physical health. May 24, 2019 · Following are several causes of fluid buildup in a dog's legs. Nov 27, 2016 · Lymphedema is a condition described as a collection of lymph fluid in certain tissues in your dog’s body because of obstructions in the lymphatic system (lymph nodes, vessels, and organs). In the dog, these are: cervical (C1–5: neck), cervical intumescence (C6–T2: thoracic limbs), thoracolumbar (T3–L3: trunk), lumbosacral intumescence (L4–S3: pelvic limbs and pelvic viscera), and caudal segments (Cd1–5: tail). May 28, 2024 · When present in the limbs, physically this tumor type is characterized by pain, swelling, and limping. Lipomas are usually found in Dec 28, 2023 · Universial Design For All Four Limbs And Embedded With Refective Lines To Ensure Safety For Night Walks. Ala of ilium; Wing of ilium. A neurologic examination evaluates 1) the head and cranial nerves, 2) the gait, or walk, 3) the neck and front legs, and 4) the torso, hind legs, anus, and tail. It is identified by the collection of fat cells on the outside or inside the dog's body. Secondary Symptoms: Leg shaking in dogs can be accompanied by secondary symptoms such as restlessness, panting, pacing, or changes in behavior. 1 ). Changes in bathroom habits like difficulty peeing or pooping. May 5, 2023 · Limb fractures (broken legs) are fairly common in dogs. This limb is often cut by certain breeders in a process known as ‘docking’. **Next, gently examine the leg for any signs of swelling, tenderness, or deformities** that may require medical attention. Here are six conditions that may be the underlying reasons for a dear old dog’s back legs to collapse. One common cause we see in our dogs is an increase in venous pressure which could come from applying a dressing too tight on the extremity of the pet. Symptoms depend on the location and type of Mouthing, Nipping and Play Biting in Adult Dogs. Anconeus muscle. 00 $ 39 . Aim for one of their favorite spots such as behind the ears or under the chin. Use the bovine skeleton and the figures provided here to study the bones of the thoracic limb ( Figure 5. Because of this, veterinarians need to gather as much information as possible to make an accurate diagnosis and How to perform a complete neurologic examination on dogs and cats with a suspected neurologic condition. Our vet experts explain everything pet parents need to know about leg amputation in dogs. Ligaments surround joints and help to support and stabilize them. Most injuries can be noticed by examining the dog Aug 10, 2023 · Among dogs with feeling in the affected limbs, 80% with paralyzed or weak back legs can recover without surgery. This can lead to destruction of the nerve sheaths, tissue decay, joint and muscle damage, or atrophy as the affected dog loses the ability to flex or move that limb. g. Now comes the exciting part – gently scratch an area that typically elicits a scratching response from your dog. Early amputation can help prevent the spread of cancer and relieve pain. Affected dogs may be lame and reluctant to move. $1995. Abdomen. Surgery is no longer the only or best option for your dog’s ACL injury. Jun 13, 2022 · This item: LufeLux Dog Front Leg Sleeve, Dog Compression Sleeve, Dog Cone Alternative, Keep Dog from Licking Wound with Strechy Adjustable Elastic Band, for Hot Spots, Wounds, Bandages $39. The male dog dismounts the female at this time. Drifting into Dreamland. The dog may also manifest problems in sitting, jumping, climbing, squatting, getting up, and lying down. These include the radius and ulna bones, making up the forearm, the short humerus bone making top of the leg, and the scapula, or shoulder bone, connecting your dog’s leg onto the spine and ribcage. Blood tests and cultures confirmed the diagnosis of capnocytophaga. A dog leg dislocation can be a painful and potentially serious injury. Just like in people, dogs can step wrong and develop a minor strain that will resolve on its own by the next day. Its first arc was serialized in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from December 2018 to December 2020; its second arc began serialization in Shueisha's Shōnen Jump+ app and website in July 2022. Jan 26, 2015 · A dog with arthritis will limp after lying down for some time, but according to VetInfo. The prosthetic limb is not something that is generally made and available in stores. Paws, on both the front and hind legs, also contain two smaller sets of phalange bones. Many devices cost between $600 and $3,000, though Custom Animal Prosthetic Limbs / Canine Prosthetics - $975. Arthritis. Depending on the cause, immediate treatment may mean a better recovery. The closer a nerve injury is to the muscle, the better the outlook for recovery, so it is important to determine the exact location of the injury. **Carefully remove any debris or dirt** to ensure a clean area for wrapping. In this article, we’ll go over some of the major causes of limping and then discuss when you do need to take your dog to the vet! Sep 25, 2023 · Veterinary anatomy - Animal: ANATOMICAL PARTS. Leg braces can be as inexpensive as $75 and range upwards towards $2,000 for specialized devices such as replacement limbs. 00/Count) Dog Limping on Back Leg: 5 Possible Causes and Solutions Glenn Parkes 2024-01-06T11:40:55-05:00 January 6th, 2024 | 0 Comments As dedicated caretakers of our canine companions, we often find ourselves confronted with various health challenges, including the distressing sight of our dogs limping on a back leg. After mating, dogs experience something called a copulatory tie, wherein they remain in the coital position. Aug 19, 2021 · Others may occur in a matter of minutes or hours. Dec 29, 2023 · Chronic portal hypertension, which is high blood pressure in the portal vein to the dog's liver may cause rear leg swelling of both legs and ascites. Fibrosarcomas are most commonly found on the limbs (often the extremities) and the trunk of the body. Whatever the reason, it will affect their ability to communicate with other dogs and humans since it is an Leg paralysis, dog The animal’s posture and gait, spinal reflexes, pain sensation, and the condition of the muscles in the affected limb are evaluated to identify the location of the injury. Guaranteed to Fit large & small dogs. So, if you’re interested in a partial artificial leg for your pet, contact us. November 15, 2010. It is the job of the lymph vessels to absorb these fluids that leak out into your dog’s tissues from the capillaries. Another reason why dogs can experience leg numbness is a slipped disc, that also goes with neck and back pain. The important caveat is that they will need up to 12 weeks before being able to walk. This disorder affects the areas where growth occurs in the long bones of young, growing dogs, usually of large or giant breeds. Signs of pain such as limping. This can cause the dog’s rear leg twitching, making them unsteady or wobbly. Signs include pain and swelling in the radius and ulna, fever, loss of appetite, and depression. Lipomas usually grow on the pet's abdomen A limping dog is reluctant to put weight on one or more legs, usually due to pain. Ortho Dog offers three braces that support joint health and stability. This is contrary to amputations in humans where the primary goal is to preserve as much of the limb as possible while still allowing room for the utilization of prosthetic Dec 21, 2018 · The causes of hind leg lameness in dogs can be several. Intermittent leg tremors aren’t likely a cause Chainsaw Man (Japanese: チェンソーマン, Hepburn: Chensō Man) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Tatsuki Fujimoto. Cost of the surgery. Mar 26, 2024 · These symptoms may vary depending on the severity of the disease, the level of inflammation, the degree of looseness in the joint, and how long the dog has suffered from hip dysplasia. They are not painful but can affect your dog’s quality of life. Some dogs are born with deformity or non-functional limbs, which may require amputation for their Apr 28, 2023 · Degenerative myelopathy (DM) occurs when the spinal cord nerves begin to degenerate, which causes communication issues between the brain and limbs. Oct 1, 2023 · Cleaning and examining the injured leg is the first step in wrapping a dog’s leg for a sprain. Mouthing is often more difficult to Fibrosarcomas occur most often in the connective tissue of the skin and beneath the skin. Tendons are tough bands of connective tissue made up mostly of a protein called collagen. It is important to recognize the signs and symptoms of this condition so that you can seek appropriate veterinary care. Dec 7, 2016 · Leg paralysis in dogs occurs when one or more legs lose the ability to function. They are located within sheaths that allow them to move easily. It tends to affect larger dog breeds, most frequently in specific areas of the limbs. Constructed with high-quality, flexible, yet sturdy materials, it provides the necessary support to stabilize the dog’s knee joint during recovery. A common quip Aug 11, 2023 · Age Problem. – **Muscles:** The ‌muscles in the dog’s leg, such as the quadriceps, hamstrings, and calf muscles, play a crucial role in movement and stability. Aug 3, 2019 · The family sought a second opinion, hoping to save Trainer’s limbs. The use of these prosthetic limbs for dogs and other pets has been limited in veterinary medicine although published case reports have Jul 5, 2023 · When your dog is limping, a physical examination of the affected limb and joint is necessary to identify potential signs of inflammation or injury. These are based around where the innervation to the limbs connects; they comprise specific spinal cord segments. A dog may have a long-term or progressively worsening limp. When your dog is limping it can be scary because they can’t tell us what is wrong, leaving us to figure out for ourselves what might have happened. Jan 25, 2021 · Older dogs can develop a high-frequency postural tremor of the pelvic limbs that is evident only when a dog is standing. Abdominal mammary gland. Myoclonus is also congenital condition, one that is often seen in Labrador retrievers and Dalmatians. Jul 31, 2023 · Does your dog go around humping everything in sight? Find out why dogs hump and learn what you can do about this weird but normal dog behavior. com, these dogs also walk more slowly than they used to, their gait may change, and there may be tenderness, warmth, and swelling around their joints. The Neurologic Examination. Klein says, is to take your dog to your veterinarian. Sep 10, 2015 · The Importance of Sleep in Dogs. Antebrachiocarpal joint. One Year Warranty when purchased here on K9 Carts store. A fibrosarcoma is a type of soft tissue cancer (see handout "Soft Tissue Sarcomas"). They can also be found in the nasal cavity or mouth, sometimes Feb 8, 2024 · Taking a narrow stance in the rear limbs Wasting away of muscles in the rear limbs The most important thing to do, Dr. The most frequent cause of myoclonus in dogs is canine distemper, though it may be drug-induced or due to lead poisoning. Difficulty eating or swallowing. wq tf bv wf md ee kc dh jj rs