Vc research berkeley. The EBI was the first research institution solely dedicated to the new field of energy bioscience About. Her research has two main threads: 1) she develops Showing 1 - 2 of 2 Results. About Berkeley RIC. PATRICK SCHLESINGER . Arkin. glial function, cell biology. Berkeley RIC facilities are available to industry users for commercial purposes under commercial rate structures and business-friendly The Grant Life Cycle provides an overview of the research proposal submission and award administration process, guiding you through campus resources, policies, and procedures, as well as finding funding and applying for and administering grants. Noah Whiteman is Professor of Genetics, Genomics, Evolution and Development and Director of the Essig Museum of Entomology at UC-Berkeley. at Stanford Law School and his Ph. (510) 642-7840. Reserve Ahmad Omar is an assistant professor in the Department of Material Science and Engineering. Showing 1 - 25 of 74 Results. The company, with 57 employees, engineers "viral vectors" -- the protein shells on Charles Weisselberg joined the Berkeley Law faculty in 1998. (510) 520-1071. Dept of Mathematics. Dept of Physics. His research focuses on developing and applying machine learning and artificial Research. Miranda Redmond is an assistant professor in Forest Science and Climate Change in the Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management. His research focusses on using ideas from the theory behind quantum computers (and, more generally, quantum Dept of Materials Science and Engineering. The CNMAT research program is linked with other disciplines and departments on campus such as architecture, mathematics, statistics thickey@library. Oct 1, 2020 · August 8, 2018 (Supersedes previous policies) 1. Showing 1 - 2 of 2 Results. & Compliance . Cal-Cryo@QB3 Berkeley RIC. Yvette Fisher is an assistant professor of neurobiology in Molecular & Cell Biology. K. 510-643-5792. P. March 21, 2022. The college has appointed Alexis T. Bowers and Robert N. Rev. (510) 642-2347. A. In mid-2022, Instagram began asking an assortment of its users to complete a survey about their race, ethnicity and gender. The Philomathia Fellows Program was designed to attract and support a Fellow with a special interest in cutting-edge research on energy systems and/or climate change, to build Associate Professor. Econometrics [ ECON 241C ] Seminar in Econometrics [ ECON 242 ] 2023 Spring. President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST), the White House announced today (Tuesday, Oct. Research Group URL. Starosielski is author or co-editor of over thirty articles and five books on media, infrastructure, and environments, including: The Michael Lindsey is an assistant professor in the Department of Mathematics. Pre-Award Define Project. Young has Motivated by the ultimate applications of evolutionary genetics in eukaryotes, I have devoted my career to developing experimental and analysis methods for the field. The goal of her research is to use navigational circuitry to understand how neural circuits perform different computations under different conditions. His research centers around transportation and logistics systems, with a recent focus on emerging problems in online platforms. Dr. L. Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research (VCRO) OAVCR. He is interested in computational methods of structural reliability and uncertainty quantification, focusing on interpretable probabilistic analysis methods leveraging domain/problem-specific knowledge. S. Showing 1 - 3 of 3 Results. The Center for Information Technology Research in the Interest of Society and the Banatao Institute (CITRIS) leverage the research strengths of the University of California campuses at Berkeley, Davis, Merced and Santa Cruz and operate within the greater ecosystem of the University and the innovative and entrepreneurial spirit of Silicon Valley. Vargas is co-lead of the Latinxs and Democracy Cluster, Co-Director of the UCB Latino Social Science Pipeline Initiative, Associate Editor of Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, Past-Chair of the American Sociological Association’s Section on Racial and Ethnic Minorities, and sits on the Danny Cullenward joined UC Berkeley as a Philomathia Research Fellow in September 2013, after completing his J. Mark Anderson is a practicing architect with a wide range of expertise in building design and construction, and design and construction for urban projects. COEQWAL is the largest of 38 climate action grants totaling $80 Oct 8, 2009 · The College of Chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, is making major new commitments to advance research and education in sustainable, green chemistry. These include quantum many-body problems arising in quantum chemistry and condensed matter Find UC Berkeley Faculty. His research is focused on two major areas of research: 1) developing synthetic biology approaches to enable complex engineering efforts in plant systems for applications in agriculture, sustainability, human health, and bioenergy and 2) leveraging genomics and molecular biology to investigate how the Research Description. Her research focuses on understanding the effects of climate and disturbances on forest dynamics as a way of informing land management decisions. Richard Lyons is Associate Vice Chancellor and Chief Innovation & Entrepreneurship Officer, and former Dean of Berkeley Haas. Patrick Hsu is Co-Founder and a Core Investigator of the Arc Institute and Assistant Professor of Bioengineering and Deb Faculty Fellow at the University of California, Berkeley. Danny was the first J. Search Research Units Gopala Krishna Anumanchipalli. aparkin@berkeley. Marla Feller is the Paul Licht Distinguished Professor in Biological Sciences. His work aims to study fundamental properties Research Compliance Intellectual Property & Tech Transfer Research Personnel Locate Facilities Core Facilities Berkeley Research Infrastructure Commons (RIC) Research Computing and Data Management Field Stations, Research Forests, and Museums For VCR Units Courses taught during the three most recent terms. David Sedlak. Dept of Mechanical Engineering. Institute members come from a number of departments on campus, including Psychology, Linguistics, Electrical Engineering and Research Description. Dept of Integrative Biology. ctmiller@berkeley. Search UC Berkeley Directory. Her current research revolves around the economic implications of conflicts of interest faced by capital market participants. ORCID. Dept of Materials Science and Engineering. Econometrics (Math Intensive) [ ECON 141 ] Econometrics [ ECON 240B ] 2023 Fall. berkeley. D. in computer science from Stanford in 1986. Faculty Expertise Research Units. Noyce. production of materials, particularly fluid flow, reaction kinetics, mass transport, electrochemical, electromagnetic phenomena governing processes for producing materials, metals, storing energy. In particular, affine Kac-Moody groups and their relation to moduli of bundles on algebraic curves and Conformal Field theory. She is an igneous petrologist and volcanologist using erupted melts, crystals, gases and volcanic aerosols to understand volcanic systems. Berkeley Water Center. Research Compliance Intellectual Property & Tech Transfer Research Personnel Locate Facilities Core Facilities Berkeley Research Infrastructure Commons (RIC) Research Computing and Data Management Field Stations, Research Forests, and Museums For VCR Units Mar 25, 2019 · Research Description. His work is intended to foster the incorporation of challenging information (e. Name. Division of Electrical Engineering/EECS. 07 billion in new awards from external sources. David Castellanos. Center for Utilization of Biological Engineering in Space (CUBES) Adam P. Erica Thompson. Natacha Crooks is an assistant professor in the Data Systems and Foundations Group in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS). large-scale complex systems. These technologies can also help reduce the 15 to 30% of health care spending that goes towards Sep 28, 2023 · A New Vision for Data Security. Division of Computer Science (EECS) biosystems and computational biology, artificial intelligence, cyber-physical systems and design automation, human-computer interaction, signal processing, intelligent systems and robotics. A scholar of educational policy and leadership, Young focuses on how university programs, educational policies and school leaders can support equitable and quality experiences for all students and adults who learn and work in schools. This facility has generated hundreds of transgenic mice and made numerous gene-targeted mice. He works on computational methods driven by numerical linear algebra, optimization, and randomization, with a special focus on high-dimensional scientific computing problems. Yelick serves as Vice Chancellor for Research with overall responsibility for UC Berkeley’s research endeavor. Faculty URL. edu (510) 643-0735. He is the co-author, with Martin Anthony, of the book Neural Network Gene Targeting Facility. Research Two EECS Professors Recognized with NSF CAREER Awards. Dept of Industrial Engineering & Operations Research. His research has focused on the ways that law promotes and limits access to education, especially higher education, and the impact that education debt has on educational opportunities. gene-targeted mice. (510) 643-5439. Many of these awards fund multi-year research projects and support expenditures that will be reflected in subsequent years. march@berkeley. About the Philomathia Fellows Program at UC Berkeley The Philomathia Fellows Program was established in 2013 with generous support from the Philomathia Foundation. (510) 642-4556. Michelle D. Intellectual Property & Industry . /Ph. wgetz@berkeley. Lucas Vargas Zeppetello is an assistant professor in the Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management leading the Plant Land-Atmosphere Climate Exchange (PLACE). UC Berkeley's excellence in research is closely linked to our success in recruiting and retaining outstanding and diverse faculty, administrators, staff researchers and students. He is a computer architect with broad interests in adjacent areas. Update your profile. Dept of Molecular & Cell Biology. Pre-Award Find Funding. Professor Feller is a recipient of the 2020 Distinguished Teaching Award. Boyce uses rigorous epidemiological methods to answer community-based and practice-driven questions about how we can better prevent gender-based violence Sep 21, 2022 · A new UC Berkeley institute will bring together top machine learning and chemistry researchers to make this vision a reality, and a Bay Area foundation is providing a substantial gift to launch and enable this work at UC Berkeley over the next five years. Research Description. Crooks works at the intersection of distributed systems, databases and security. Berkeley Lab was founded in 1931 by Ernest Orlando Lawrence, a UC Berkeley physicist who won the 1939 Nobel Prize in physics for his invention of the cyclotron, a circular particle accelerator that opened the door to high-energy physics His research focuses on analyzing and understanding the reliability, risk, and resilience of structures and critical infrastructures under hazards. 2022 Created in 2007 the Energy & Biosciences Institute (EBI) is multi-institutional partnership between the University of California (UC) Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC). These questions concern climate variability on Innovation & Entrepreneurship Highlights. erica. Professor Colleen Chien teaches, mentors students, and conducts cross-disciplinary research on innovation, intellectual property, and the criminal justice system, with a focus on how technology, data, and innovation can be harnessed to achieve their potential for social benefit. Berkeley is a leader in health research across a variety of disciplines and fields. Lisa Alvarez-Cohen. William Dow. UC Berkeley accelerates the translation of ideas and inventions developed by faculty, researchers, and students into products and services that benefit society. Research Personnel. Murat Arcak. She primarily works with electronic health records, as well as other patient data including disease registries, wearable data, and insurance claims. Nicholas Vargas is an associate professor of Chicanx/Latinx Studies in the Department Ethnic Studies. Pre-Award Develop Proposal Compliance. By: Sarah C. Current work is focused on understanding how HIV evades the immune system and elucidating cellular interactions that control neurologic diseases. Regarding explanatory coherence, he, his students and his collaborators study and model the In the fiscal year ending June 30, 2023, UC Berkeley attracted $1. Weisselberg teaches criminal procedure, criminal law, and related courses. He served as the founding director of the Center for Clinical Education, Berkeley Law's in-house clinical program, which he developed and administered from 1998 to 2006. Chien is a Faculty Director of the Berkeley jwrector@berkeley. Berkeley Superfund Research Program. Peter Bartlett is a professor in the Computer Science Division and Department of Statistics at the University of California at Berkeley and Head of Google Research Australia. UC Berkeley has a unique and historic relationship with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab). UC BERKELEY – VC RESEARCH Angelo Coastal Range Reserve Berkeley Natural History Museums Blue Oak Ranch Reserve Donner RegionField Research Stations- -Chickering American River . Division of Electrical Engineering (EECS) Mar 21, 2022 · With Climate Change, Berkeley Snow Lab’s Mission Remains Critical. Javad Lavaei. Sabrina Boyce (she/her) is an Assistant Professor in the Maternal, Child, and Adolescent Health Program at Berkeley Public Health. Research in the Clark lab combines multiple disciplines - molecular biology, microfluidics, engineering, and bioinformatics - to develop new single cell genomics tools. Find UC Berkeley Faculty. Keywords. Research Highlights. Meng-meng Fu. He then joined the faculty of the University of California at Berkeley, where he is Professor (and formerly Chair) of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, holder of the Smith-Zadeh Research Description. He also has affiliations with the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Center for Computational Biology, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, and University and Jepson Herbaria. Her main research interests are in the areas of financial intermediaries and corporate governance. By: Robert Sanders. Resources for principal investigators, visiting and postdoctoral scholars, as well as international researchers are listed below. She designed and tested the CarLink I and II pilot programs Research Description. Contact. His research is on exchange rates, but from a "micro" perspective rather than the traditional "macro" perspective. He also has a particular interest in air transportation systems. Showing 1 - 4 of 4 Results. They leverage the tools of statistical mechanics, continuum mechanics and computer simulation to bridge microscopic Jonathan D. The goal of her research is to understand the molecular mechanisms behind how microglial cells, resident immune cells in the central nervous system, maintain homeostasis in the brain and to explore using nuclear receptor (NR)-mediated transcriptional and epigenetic regulation to restore normal microglial Research Description. Research Alliances . Supervised Research: Physical Sciences [ UGIS 192D ] Ahmed Alaa is an assistant professor in the Computational Precision Health (CPH) program at UC Berkeley and UCSF, with affiliations in the Division of Computer at EECS and the Department of Statistics. Her work covers a breadth of 4D Molecular Therapeutics, Inc. Archaeological Research Facility (ARF) NSARF. thompson71@berkeley. He joined UC Berkeley in July 2020. , a gene-therapy startup spun out of Berkeley research by chemical and biomolecular engineering professor David Schaffer and adjunct bioengineering professor David Kirn, aims to raise $100 million in its initial public offering. Research done in the Feller lab uses a combination of physiology and advanced imaging techniques to study the role of activity in the development of functional neural circuits in the retina. Experts at UC Berkeley and UC San Francisco have begun working to improve the treatment of diabetes and metabolic health using a first-of-its-kind open-source platform with broad societal benefits. Andrés Cediel is a documentary filmmaker, professor at UC Berkeley’s Graduate School of Journalism, and frequent contributor to the PBS program FRONTLINE. Andrew Schwartz explains the role UC Berkeley’s Central Sierra Snow Laboratory plays in helping the state and federal governments manage water resources in California and the West in the face of climate change. Whether it is through breakthroughs in the laboratory, translational impacts in communities, or informing policy, Berkeley researchers are at the forefront. Dawn Song, a 2022 Fellow with the UC Noyce Initiative, studies how to keep online data safe, fair and accessible. in Environment & Resources (E-IPER) at Stanford University. Martyn Smith. The micro approach uses data on transactions in currency markets to address how this market absorbs new It brings together researchers from five UCs -- Berkeley, Davis, Irvine, San Francisco, and Santa Barbara -- so they can collaborate on cutting-edge research in key areas, including computational health, quantum computing and cybersecurity/privacy. (510) 643-1227. He was a writer, director and producer of “Covid’s Hidden Toll” (2020), “Trafficked in America” (2018), and the Emmy-award winning piece “Kids Caught in Mar 21, 2024 · Dobbin is one of the lead researchers on COEQWAL, a 2-year, $9. Penny Wieser is an assistant professor in the Department of Earth and Planetary Science. contact mechanics, fracture and fatigue of engineering materials, finite element modeling of surface contact and machining landscape architecture and environmental planning, urban design, urban ecology, surface hydrology, groundwater, sea level rise, climate change, adaptation, environmental justice, adaptation to flooding, public impact research/scholarship, community-engaged research/scholarship, social justice research, client-based studio teaching, community Research Description. Trained as an epidemiologist, Dr. Recent publications include Qualified Sovereignty (with Kate Sablosky Elengold) (Wash. string theory, mathematical physics. student in E-IPER, where he was a David and Lucile Packard Foundation Stanford Graduate Fellow. Project Director: An individual who has primary responsibility for the design Research Description. IMR is housed at UC Berkeley’s Transportation Sustainability Research Center (TSRC). wdow@berkeley. Active Filters. More recent work has been topology-oriented, involving equivariant K-theory, topological and Research Admin. Susan’s interest in environmentally- and socially-beneficial technology applications led her to focus her doctoral dissertation on “smart” carsharing, linked to public transit in the mid-1990s. The Berkeley Research Infrastructure Commons, or Berkeley RIC, is a group of UC Berkeley's core R&D facilities, startup incubator labs, and other resources that are available for shared use. Bell is internationally recognized for Research Description. rramesh@berkeley. To accomplish this, they have taken the Professor; Purnendu Chatterjee Chair in Energy Technologies. Boubacar Kante. The Cal-Cryo facility, housed in the basement of Stanley Hall, is led by Professors Eva Nogales and James Hurley and began operations in February 2018. Center on the Economics and Demography of Aging. The Initiative honors the legacy of Ann S. AI tools could enhance care quality by, for example, helping triage patients in emergency rooms, diagnosing diseases and coaching clinicians. Williams. bwc_director@berkeley. Recently the facility has shifted to using Cas9/CRISPR-mediated gene targeting as this offers the ability to produce gene-targeted mice with unprecedented speed and ease. Our facility is used to collect image data of biological or soft material samples before it is processed using single particle or tomographic reconstruction methods Katherine A. optoelectronics, quantum optics, optimization, Antennas, Biophysics and Sensing. September 28, 2023. , on global climate change). Research Compliance Intellectual Property & Tech Transfer Personnel Locate Facilities Core Facilities Berkeley Research Infrastructure Commons (RIC) Research Computing and Data Management Field Stations, Research Forests, and Museums For VCR Units Biwen Zhang is an assistant professor in the Accounting Group at the Haas School of Business. This facility has Research Group URL. (510) 643-2550. 2M grant to support the Consortium’s efforts, including growing its membership, engaging with minority-serving institutions and community colleges, mentoring new clinics, sharing teaching resources, and conducting research across the network of clinics to Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109: 478–483. Corporate Sustainability: Compliance Nicole Starosielski conducts research on global internet and media distribution, communications infrastructures ranging from data centers to undersea cables, and media’s environmental and elemental dimensions. edu. Assistant Vice Chancellor . 2 school in the world for entrepreneurs. Kyriakos Komvopoulos. The UC Berkeley Center for New Music and Audio Technologies (CNMAT) houses programs in research, pedagogy and public performance that are focused on the creative interaction between music and technology. In many cases, a trait of biological interest is a defining feature of its species (say, naked mole Dept of Civil and Environmental Engineering. applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning in engineering and sciences, structural mechanics, computational mechanics, computational materials, computational mechanics and computational physics, finite element methods and meshfree particle methods, ferroelectric and piezoelectric Stuart Russell received his B. Research Expertise. Prior to joining the faculty at the University of California, she worked as a school psychologist in the district-wide Multicultural Assessment and Consultation Team in northern Colorado. The Berkeley Center for Law and Business supports faculty research and programming in a number of areas critical to the study and practice of business law, with a strategic focus in: Capital Markets and M&A: Antitrust, Bankruptcy, Corporate Finance, Private Equity, Securities Regulation, & Tax. Biwen Zhang is an assistant Berkeley Launches Agile Metabolic Health and Open Platforms Initiative. The Omar Group's research aims to advance our theoretical understanding of both natural and synthetic soft condensed matter systems. Bell, professor of chemical engineering, to the newly established Dow Chair in Sustainable Chemistry. Webmaster UCB Faculty. CAROL MIMURA . Mina Aganagic. neurodevelopmental disorders, neuropsychiatric disease, neurodegenerative disease, immunology, pathogenesis. 22). Research Compliance Intellectual Property & Tech Transfer Research Personnel Locate Facilities Core Facilities Berkeley Research Infrastructure Commons (RIC) Research Computing and Data Management Field Stations, Research Forests, and Museums For VCR Units Founded as the Institute for Cognitive Studies in 1984, ICBS adopted its current name in 2000 in recognition of the emergence of cognitive neuroscience as a field for the bi-directional study of mind-brain relationships. Kaoru Saijo. Crysthel Catambay. He has a particular interest in projects aimed at design and construction of local and international projects in housing, schools, and sustainable urban space . Definitions. edu (510) 642-8770. Department. Her research group explores this question in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. She applies critical, sociocultural, and translingual theories to examine the literacy and language practices of immigrant, transnational, and racialized bi/multilingual youth populations. Young, PhD, is dean and professor of Berkeley School of Education. ccatambay@berkeley. She provides primary leadership in research policy, planning, and administration, including relations between the university and industry, research compliance, research communications, and research support for the Berkeley campus. Christopher Fletcher is an associate professor in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. Weisselberg’s research focuses Irene Chen is a machine learning researcher broadly interested in computational methods to improve healthcare for the entire patient population. Yang's scholarship Patrick Shih is an assistant professor in the Department of Plant & Microbial Biology. g. Econometrics [ ECON 240B ] The demise of the cell thus most often occurs within the context of the simultaneous demise of the whole organism. martynts@berkeley. The federal government provided 45 percent of these funds, and California state agencies and other Research Description. Andrew Dillin's lab focuses on the questions of why an aging organism begins to lose control over the integrity of its proteome, and how this loss is communicated across its various tissues. Kathy Yelick named UC Berkeley’s new vice chancellor for research The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley), one of the nation’s premier public research universities, seeks a collaborative and experienced administrator and accomplished scholar to serve as its next Vice Chancellor for Research (VCR). My work and my interests have covered Lie groups, their actions on spaces and linear representations. Over the last decades, close to 150 startup companies have been founded to commercialize IP rights under license from UC Berkeley. Research Compliance Intellectual Property & Tech Transfer Research Personnel Locate Facilities Core Facilities Berkeley Research Infrastructure Commons (RIC) Research Computing and Data Management Field Stations, Research Forests, and Museums For VCR Units Kaoru Saijo is an assistant professor in molecular & cell biology at UC Berkeley. with first-class honours in physics from Oxford University in 1982 and his Ph. Her main research focus at present is evaluating and developing methods to calculate magma Mar 6, 2024 · The new Berkeley center aims to play an essential role in ensuring those innovations benefit the public. His research focuses on understanding the relationships between water, energy, and carbon at Earth's land surface. Birgitta Whaley, a UC Berkeley professor of chemistry and co-director of the Berkeley Quantum Information and Computation Center, has been appointed to the U. 1 public and second-best university in the world overall for undergraduate programs that produce entrepreneurs who go on to obtain venture funding, according to PitchBook’s 2020 university rankings. Kevin Edward Healy. David Savage is an associate professor of biochemistry, biophysics, and structural biology in the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology. 2024 Spring. Michael Ranney's research explores the nature of explanation and understanding, in both formal and informal domains. The National Science Foundation recognized electrical engineering and computer sciences assistant professors Yakun Sophia Shao and Gireeja Ranade with Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) awards. New rankings: UC Berkeley is the No. The goal of the Savage Lab is to understand how protein machinery – including both enzymes and compartmentalization - facilitates the biochemistry of the cell. 1 million research project exploring ways to distribute California surface water more equitably among agriculture, cities and unincorporated communities, and the environment — in an era of rapidly changing climate. Glater joined the Berkeley Law faculty in 2021. A pioneer in the field of CRISPR gene editing, Patrick’s work aims to accelerate scientific progress through innovation in biotechnology Find UC Berkeley Faculty. Much of my lab's work has focused on deeply diverged phenotypic differences. Yang was an assistant professor in the Department of Counseling, Clinical, and School Psychology at UC Santa Barbara between 2016-2019. UC Berkeley ranks nationally as the No. Geoff Penington received his BA+MMath in Natural Sciences from Cambridge University in 2015, and his PhD in Physics, with Patrick Hayden, from Stanford University in 2020. Cati V. Excellence in Research Innovation/Entrepreneurship Data Science Energy, Climate & Environment International & Area Studies Health Contact Us. Principal Investigator (PI): An individual who has primary responsibility for the design, execution, and management of a research project and who will be involved in the project in a significant manner. His research interests include machine learning and statistical learning theory. de los Ríos is an Assistant Professor of Adolescent Literacy and Bi/Multilingual Education at UC Berkeley’s School of Education. Recently, a lot of his work has been related to security (from applied cryptography to hardware-based attacks and defenses) and domain-specific acceleration (from The conduct of research at the University of California, Berkeley is governed by the rules and policies promulgated by several jurisdictions—the Federal and State governments, the UC Office of the President, the Academic Senates of both the University of California system and the Berkeley campus, as well as the administration of UC Berkeley. Chiwei Yan is an assistant professor in the Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research. Bioremediation. (510) 642-8745. Aug 1, 2023 · As part of Google’s investment in cybersecurity clinics, UC Berkeley has received a $2. lg fv ty lf nl kl cy wz ln cu