Nonverbal toddler biting. The above reasons make biting understandable.

In many cases, self-injury serves as a means of communication. This form of acting out will get attention, and when a largely nonverbal child seeks to get a point across, biting is the equivalent of a verbal shout. Almost everyone stims: think hair twirling or nail-biting. In One Sentence: Nail biting is a sign of insecurity, anxiety, discomfort and lack of self-confidence. July 5, 2024. The need for communication may also be augmented by mounting frustration, another reason for toddler biting. Temper tantrums happen in a variety of settings both in and out of the home. Autism. The best thing to do after an incident of biting, pinching or hair-pulling is to help your child ‘move on’. By comforting the victim first, parents will be taking the first step in curbing the negative behavior. Plus, it hurts! If you have experienced a toddler bite, or received a note home from your child’s preschool about a biting incident, you are NOT alone. Apr 4, 2023 · Remain calm and intervene right away. 7. A psychologist gave us an assignment to complete during a luncheon break. GET ACTIVE WITH HEAVY WORK ACTIVITIES. Sensory: seeking texture and taste, overwhelming environment, sensory May 13, 2024 · If your child is biting themselves, you could give them a snack or chewing toy instead. Then use a soft tone with the victim as you console them. Child 5: male, is worrying me. You want to show it isn’t acceptable (8). For example, your baby bites you and Sep 29, 2023 · Biting brings up emotions for everyone, including children, education staff, and families. Jun 20, 2024 · Some possible reasons for the child’s biting behavior are (1) (2). Self-injury is the attempt or act of causing harm to a person’s own body severe enough to cause damage. Mar 28, 2018 · Small children generally bite from about 12 months of age when they are growing teeth and begin exploring the world through their senses (taste, smell, sight and touch). Tackling Negative Behaviors in Children Who are Non-Verbal and Non-Mobile Imagine you are a preschooler with cerebral palsy, unable to control your muscle movements or communicate with your voice. Signing: Our non-dominant hand is placed flat with palm up and our dominant hand hits the flat side of the non-dominant hand with hand extended, fingers together and palm visible. There are generally three things to check out right away: How you (and the people around you) react to the aggressive behavior. Physical aggression like biting, pinching, or hitting happens when kids haven’t yet learned better ways to handle uncomfortable feelings; Common in young children, or kids with neurodevelopmental, executive function, or mental health issues Nov 30, 2023 · Here are 10 tactics to stop toddler biting. Light touch, certain sounds and other sensory input can become TODDLER BITING Help! My Child Is Biting! Aggressive Behavior and Toddlers It is perfectly normal for toddlers to bite or hit, but it is very scary and upsetting for both parents and children. Autism with high support needs, diagnosed as level 3, means someone is living with intense autism traits. 9. The average age of speech onset is 36 months for autistic Jan 20, 2020 · Practice “gentle touch” at times other than when the child is hitting or biting. Jan 17, 2022 There are many reasons why your child may be non-verbal. The tantrums start to become aggressive — when a child hits, kicks, bites others or themselves and/or breaks things during the tantrum. Get physically close to your child and calmly prevent them from sinking their teeth into someone they're upset with. By Carol Tatom, BA. My 14 month old grandson is non-verbal. In some cases, the child’s sensory system may be to blame. Similarly, 68% of the children had previously behaved aggressively towards caregivers and 49% towards non-caregivers. Dec 19, 2023 · Nonverbal Communication Techniques Social Skills Development; Teach your toddler basic sign language, such as "more," "please," and "thank you. With a gentle, yet strong, hand remove your toddler’s teeth from whatever/whomever they are biting. Talk to them, listen to them, ask them questions calmly and give them words and other ways to express themselves. Edelson, Ph. Nov 27, 2018 · Biting can be a form of tension release in such instances. You can play at the table or on the mat. As the children grow up and gain self-control and self-regulation, gradually they stop biting. A 5 Feb 25, 2021 · Unable to express their thoughts or feelings in words, children with autism may “lash out” and hit, scratch, or bite their parents or siblings. Jealousy, sibling rivalry, or power struggle at home may also lead children to bite. The NHS define self-harm as: “When somebody intentionally damages or injures their body. Respond right away. Children 3, 4: females, late talkers but could understand me and gestured accordingly so I was not worried. As children mature, gain self-control, and develop problem-solving skills, they usually outgrow this behavior. by Stephen M. Ensure that that child who has been bitten is attended to by another adult. Sometimes an adult may need to stay close to the child to prevent biting. Often a child is trying to convey a feeling or idea they may not be able to express in words. When you notice your toddler is about to hit, it’s important to stop it. Most often, children with autism who bite (either themselves or others) do it for self-stimulating purposes. Try smaller groups. The child who did the biting can help comfort the bitten child—if both parties agree. How To Use it: Nail biting is a negative nonverbal cue. Usually, by two years of age, the child can make the connection between being aggressive and the consequences. “Biting back” tells the child that this behavior is acceptable. Understanding and Treating Self-Injurious Behavior. At all costs, avoid modeling aggressive behavior. Dec 17, 2019 · Janet responds to the parent of a 2-year-old who for the past 3 months has been “going through a really bad stage of pulling hair. An autistic meltdown is bigger, more emotional, longer-lasting, and more difficult to manage than a temper tantrum. Encourage your child to do another activity Try to redirect your child’s attention to a preferred activity or pleasant sensory experience – for example, getting a tight hug, jumping on the trampoline, hiding under the blankets, reading a book, watching a Biting is a typical behavior often seen in infants, toddlers, and 2-year olds. Nov 21, 2020 · Toddlers often bite to receive attention. Removing the biter from the source of frustration is calming and also helps the victim feel safe. Here are some strategies parents and adults can use to address a child’s biting habit. Toddlers must be allowed independence and also need entail consistent, loving and firm limits. Non-verbal toddler. You are going to sit by me. For more information on biting behaviour, and how to support Yanking hair, like kicking, biting, pinching, and hitting, is one way your child expresses himself and tries to exert control over his immediate environment. Some of the reasons that are commonly seen as the “biting trigger,” are: Teething (Babies can begin teething at around 5 months of age. He shows some signs of autism, but then doesn't show other signs. Look into the child’s eyes and say calmly but firmly, “I do not like it when you bite people. Help the child who was hurt find something to do. asking them to use their hands in an activity which prevents them from slapping) is a great way Sep 14, 2023 · Excited. Make a request and our PECS artists will create your custom PECS card and add it to our catalog for free. • Mar 27, 2023 · Limited impulse control. Speak to the child using clear, simple language – e. May 30, 2016 · Why biting and physical aggression happens. Children with autism are often associated with aggressive behavior, such as physical aggression and verbal aggression, including yelling, screaming, tantrums, and outbursts. Common forms of self-harm include: excessive scratching or picking. When he was a toddler, I went to an annual meeting of what was then The National Association for Autistic Children. The following article provides information on Common Reasons For Biting, Responding To Biting, Strategies and more. If it is communication, link in with your speech therapist for advice. Frustration with peers. Imitation – children of pre-school age love to copy others and find this is also a great way to learn. Children on the spectrum are often affected by sensory processing disorders. This can help them build a positive relationship and move past the incident. Oftentimes when there are sensory needs in the mouth, there are sensory needs outside of the mouth, too. Cause and Effect – some children will bite to discover what happens when they do. Use time-outs to calm the situation. Redirect them to a relaxing activity like bubble blowing, playing with playdough, or allow them to quietly draw or sit with a book. Dec 7, 2016 · 2. As well as a No Hitting Visual, the resource includes a No Biting Sign, a no kicking poster, and a no yelling wall decoration. There are several reasons for this behavior, and the most likely explanation is the simplest one: Your child has discovered how to get a reaction and wants to get it again. Toddler Newsletter - June 2016 by Lisa Keiper | This newsletter was created with Smore, an online tool for creating beautiful newsletters for educators, businesses Jan 23, 2024 · young children expressing frustration. • Pay attention to signals. Apr 11, 2016 · Some kids who need to chew have low oral awareness, in which case this vibration may help "wake up" the mouth with a new, heightened level of sensory stimulation. Jan 7, 2021 · Create a visual schedule, so your child can see what is coming next. ”. Gently remove them from biting. It goes back to the communication-related reason for biting. Self injury can present in a wide range of behaviors including head banging, hand-to-head banging, body slamming, hitting or punching oneself, eyeball pressing, biting oneself, wound picking, and hair pulling. Sep 14, 2023 · Aggressive behavior is a common issue among toddlers, and biting is one of the most common forms of aggressive behavior. May 24, 2019 · Biting isn’t necessary for teeth to erupt, but it can relieve their discomfort, and it’s also a primary way kid’s self-soothe. Quickly defuse the situation that’s prompting the biting — being jostled in a loud, crowded room, for example. 1 Self-injurious behaviors include self-directed repetitive actions such as biting, hitting, head and limb banging, face slapping, hair pulling, and eye poking, which can result in severe injury and represent a troubling problem for patients and caregivers Sep 26, 2014 · When a child bites, place your fingers firmly over his or her mouth and say “NO BITING, BITING HURTS”. Stay close and step in if your child seems ready to bite. Help the biter understand what emotions prompted the bite and how to handle them. Oct 12, 2022 · Typically developing children use their first words around 12 to 18 months on average, and may start speaking as early as 10 months. Simply provide the card type you’re looking for and the category you think is appropriate. Aggressive behavior is normal as toddlers learn about self Step #1. Encourage your child to say “I’m sorry. “They are seeking input to help them calm,” explains Potock. Toddlers often go through a period of aggressive behavior for lots of reasons. When a child is engaging in biting whether it be an object that is not appropriate or a peer, I suggest having a sensory chew toy at the ready to redirect. Parents should respond to the behavior with a firm, “No biting!”. Both children present in stark contrasts but also some similarities. He has good eye contact, plays peek-a-boo, can smile and giggle with his 2 year old sister, and can find a "hidden" object, has started walking, and can copy simple actions demonstrated by an adult, such as putting a Communicate quickly and effectively with interactive newsletters. We often assess non-verbal children, or Feb 1, 2024 · In kindergarten especially, we often see “bad behavior” manifest in many ways: kicking or hitting peers, biting friends, spitting, or yelling at others. Source: wan mohd, Flickr/Creative Commons. Attention – some children bite for attention, even negative attention is better than NO attention. Oct 4, 2023 · Putting in the correct supports for hitting and biting. Each visual Generally speaking, toddler biting is a surefire means of communication. Oct 24, 2014 · Description: Biting or picking at the fingernails. “Biting hurts, and it’s wrong to hurt. Use little words and a big tone. These challenging behaviors can be stressful for families to deal with every Many children will bite, scratch, kick, hit, and throw things unexpectedly at people. Use positive, affirmative language such as “teeth are for food”, or “keep your teeth to yourself” rather than negative words such as “no biting” and “don’t bite”. This is so important because lack of understanding creates frustration and anxiety. • Observe your child to learn where, when, and in what situations biting occurs. It can feel embarrassing, confusing, and frustrating when a young child bites. Warning signs, such as crying, yelling, foot-stamping, and lunging often precede biting. If they are not able to communicate . In a firm, serious (but not threatening) voice, say, “No biting!" Then redirect them to something Make an Autism and Hitting Plan. A speech delay can develop because of a lack of social interaction Jun 14, 2024 · Young children bite, pinch and pull hair to experiment and explore their environment. e. The most common forms of these behaviors include: head-banging, hand-biting, and excessive self-rubbing and scratching. Biting is most commonly seen in groups of children aged between one and three years old. Hitting can range from an open-handed slap to a closed-fisted punch, and some outbursts may even injure themselves or others. When you want them to climb up the stairs, step on a stair and tell them “up, up, up” slowly, before taking the next step. Can be so sever that it results in bleeding, disfigurement, or unsightly nails down to the quick. One of the best ways to teach them appropriate behavior is to watch your own temper. Aug 25, 2023 · Summary. In this case, it is important to redirect their behavior to a more appropriate activity, such as playing with a toy or reading a book. Dec 4, 2023 · If a child is hitting a toy, you might say, “Let’s use gentle hands,” and then demonstrate how to play with the toy gently. Self-injurious behavior is one of the most devastating behaviors exhibited by people with developmental disabilities. The key is for you to identify and understand the range of their communication difficulty and possibly the underlying cause. It also explains that hitting hurts, which it does. Tantrums continue frequently past the peak age (2-3 years old). unable to do something or have something they want. Make sure the person who was bitten isn’t hurt. Once you have identified the triggers, then you can consider the correct supports for that child. She has tried several strategies to change her daughter’s behavior, but to no avail. Sensory stimuli may be overwhelming. “You hurt him and he’s crying. So if you need a short social story, these might do the trick. This will help them calm down and relax. Biting is one of the most challenging toddler behaviors parents deal with. After fully assessing the hitting, make a plan around how to prevent hitting. As well as providing a step-by-step guide for dealing with biting incidents, it shares helpful strategies to minimise biting and helpful downloadable resources. Apr 1, 2024 · Toddlers often struggle to communicate their needs and emotions adequately. Involve the child who bit: If both children are willing, involve the child who did the biting in comforting the victim. May 29, 2023 · It is essential to show the child that the task is achievable. Jun 2, 2022 · For many toddlers, boredom leads to mischief. D. 8. It’s important to first attend to the person your toddler bit because it’ll discourage a child who’s Jun 25, 2024 · The first, and maybe the most important step, is to remain calm and keep your emotions in check. “Up, up, up. Developmental factors which may cause a child to bite include: Babies and toddlers bite for a variety of reasons. When you say “don’t bite”, the child hears “bite”. Young toddlers don’t always have Sep 9, 2020 · 7. Allow children to make choices (for very young children restrict to choice between two items) and express preferences. Some kids bite because they're running on an empty tank. If your toddler continues to bite, or the number of bites increases instead of decreases over time, it is probably a good idea to request an assessment from a child development specialist. Tantrums and meltdowns also have different causes. Jun 27, 2024 · Self-stimulation or “stimming” refers to self-soothing, mostly unconscious repetitive sounds or movements. Cognitive differences are common. Provide activities that help your child meet their sensory needs. These posters are a wonderful way of passively encouraging students to refrain from hurting their peers. These are the children who are exploring the world but don’t always have the benefit Feb 22, 2016 · While toddler biting is very common behavior, it usually stops by age 3 to 3 ½. 2. required to share or take turns. My PECS is your #1 source to free professional PECS cards and images. This kind of self-soothing is a manifestation of the rooting reflex, and also the idea behind the pacifier. It impacts on everyone in the early childhood community; educators, senior staff, parents, and children. Apr 25, 2015 · Child 1: female, has a formal diagnosis of autism, NF1. The NDNA has developed Biting: Responding Sensitively – an online course that looks at the reasons why children bite and supports practitioners to deal with biters effectively. Toddlers may resort to biting due to frustration, teething discomfort, a desire for attention, or an inability to express their needs verbally. Point out how the biter’s behavior affected the other person. Feb 21, 2023 · Someone with autism might develop an oral fixation for many reasons, including: Medical: easing pain, alleviating discomfort. Research suggests that 50% of autistic people engage in some form of self-injurious behaviour, even if it is only once in their lifetime. Help the child follow through on the choice if necessary. So, sometimes, they resort to biting when words fail. Biting on objects or even people helps to ease the discomfort from their tender, swollen, gums) Stop your child before they bite. However, it is still important to redirect biting toward a more acceptable behavior. It supports both receptive and expressive language because you pair spoken language with a picture which helps your child to understand the meaning of a word. Frustration, teething discomfort, and overwhelming emotions can trigger this behavior. . Pay close attention to secondary gain—this is Dec 17, 2023 · The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)is available 24/7 by calling 1-800-662-HELP (4357). Don’t hesitate, even if they’re just trying without following through. Create the conditions for their best behavior: Make sure the child is not overly hungry, tired, or stimulated. Over-stimulation is common in children with special needs e. Child 2: male, has a formal diagnosis of Asperger's, also has other health problems. Smore empowers educators to connect with their community, streamline school communications, and increase engagement. Remember, this is staying calm so they stay calm too. If it is sensory overload, you need to consider sensory supports to help regulation. Using pictures can help combat tantrums because looking at a picture, pointing to one, or actually handing Jul 25, 2023 · First and foremost, it's crucial to understand the underlying reasons behind toddler biting. If you see your child acting aggressively – hitting, biting, smacking or spitting – you know it’s time to step in and stop the behavior immediately. The more you reinforce that one word, the more your child will be able to recognize that “up” means go up the stairs. Once hitting starts, it can become dangerous for the child and for others. At 6-12 months, biting, pinching and hair-pulling also help babies work out cause and effect. , remove your verbal attention). In this blog you will find out about stages of communication, setting your speech goals for a non-verbal child, and how to actively Jul 5, 2024 · For children with autism, headbanging is a way to self-soothe and communicate needs as a result of some form of anxiety. Biting, headbanging or other self-injurious behaviors are a means of getting their needs met and may be their urgent need to express pain, fear, displeasure, or anxiety. They may not have developed self-control yet, and biting may be a way for them to express their excitement. It may be upsetting for adults and also it can be frightening Feb 1, 2011 · Separate the biter from the bitten child. This is known as vestibular stimulation. Its occurrence reflects not only the children’s feelings, but also their ability to use expressive language. When a parent describes their child as ‘aggressive’ they mean that they are hitting, biting, scratching, pinching, pulling hair, spitting in people’s faces, slapping, punching, kicking and generally using physical force. This term is also used if their child is biting their own hand, head banging or slapping their own head, and other self May 26, 2017 · Our No Hitting Visual is perfect for encouraging positive behavior amongst students and discouraging them from doing unpleasant things to their peers. Unwind together. The ability to control those impulses may not fully develop until they're close to 4 years old, with support from loving parents and caregivers. Be firm and calm. If a child is climbing on furniture, you might say, “It's not safe to climb on furniture. Use strong, consistent language – if you see a child about to bite or who has just bitten, use the word “no” strongly (but not yelling). For a child with more limited language, just say “No biting people. Vocal stimming refers to Jun 24, 2019 · This can lead to a particularly high level of frustration. It would help if parents understood the cause-and-effect between biting and a toddler’s feelings. Babies put things into their mouths to explore and learn through taste and touch. You can increase the number of matches next time to two pairs. If your child has been biting, watch them and step in before they do it again. It is attention-seeking behavior. Respond to the child who was hurt by offering comfort through words and actions. Sep 13, 2023 · Biting is typical behaviour of infants and toddlers that we often notice. Toddlers may bite for a variety of reasons, including testing limits, expressing frustration, or seeking attention. Parents or caregivers should also wash the affected area with soap and water. CALL A TIME OUT. “When a child is expressing a lot of emotion, and the parents meet that with more emotion, it can Control your own temper. They are also learning how to regulate their emotions through verbal and non-verbal communication. Let’s go Mar 11, 2021 · You’ve heard the stories of preschoolers taking a bite out of one another on the playground and personally witnessed a feisty 2-year-old hit their mother in the middle of a supermarket tantrum Self-injurious behaviors (SIBs) are non-normative behaviors performed with the intent of physical self-harm but without the intent to die. Jul 5, 2024 · Autistic Child Hitting Parents: Ideas and Solutions. Biting is an excellent way of demonstrating independence or getting control and power over others. They may see a sibling, peer or older child bite and Jun 3, 2024 · Use your voice and expression to show that biting is not acceptable. A toddler may understand rules about not hitting, but struggle to stop themself from hitting or biting when they're feeling frustrated. Another way is to avoid over-stimulation. Keep reading to find out more about what causes toddlers to bite, what to do if your Nonverbal toddler with a biting habit A 2yr 1mo little boy in my class tries to bite other kids daily, multiple times a day. Put the child on a time-out (the rule of thumb is one minute of time out for each year old your child is) or send them to a calm down spot to cool off for a few minutes. You might be wondering if your child has a speech delay vs autism because of all the isolation they are experiencing due to Covid-19. As you no doubt know first hand, frustration and anxiety tend to increase challenging behaviors. If your child is biting, it is important to address the behavior promptly and consistently. Hitting, Biting, Spitting, & Scratching Social Stories from MckSpeechie on Teachers Pay Teachers - A set of 4 one page social stories on a variety of aggression related topics. Feb 26, 2024 · Stop the Aggression Kindly. No unreasonable request will be denied, so make your request now. Jan 5, 2017 · Peaceful co-existence with a toddler starts with responding attentively so they don't have to escalate in order to get attention. Make sure you allot time throughout the day for him to move around and release pent-up energy. The Modified Checklist of Autism in Toddlers is a list of 20 questions that can help you determine if your child is showing signs of autism. Also, positively reinforcing any behavior that makes SIB impossible (i. Gather simple but interactive games or objects, such as bubbles, pop-up pirates, and Skittles, and play with the child simple turn-taking games. Jan 17, 2022 · 172 likes. Then, when they follow, say it again. If you have to hold their face as well as you are doing this make sure you do it gently. Apr 9, 2022 · Using visual supports with infants and toddlers can provide lots of benefits. Young children‘s biting behaviour can be one of the most stressful and divisive issues in early childhood settings. Nov 8, 2011 · Among the entire group of 1,380 children with ASD, the researchers found that 56% were engaging in aggressive behaviors towards caregivers, while a smaller number (32%) engaged in these behaviors towards non-caregivers. While not uncommon, biting can be an upsetting and potentially harmful behavior. 4 days ago · The Difference Between a Tantrum and an Autistic Meltdown. Use routine and repetition to have a calming effect. Apr 25, 2018 · If possible, intervene in the situation as neutrally as possible, for example, block the behavior from occurring but do not say anything (e. This podcast reviews the many emotions of biting and reasons why toddlers might engage Nov 20, 2018 · Use a Sensory Chew: Offering your child a safe and appropriate item to bite and chew on can be beneficial by providing them an outlet to perform the behavior in a way that is acceptable. If they’re about to hit you, grab and hold their hand firmly but kindly to prevent the blow. Key Takeaway. Use distraction to change focus and the trajectory of what could happen next. If the bite is bleeding and the wound appears to be deep, call your child Complex Child is an online monthly magazine about caring for a child with complex medical needs or a disability. The above reasons make biting understandable. waiting for something and feeling impatient. Jan 10, 2023 · Tantrums happen nearly every day. This parent describes herself as a Montessori teacher with an intense passion for gentle, respectful parenting. Repetitive behaviors may be intense and uncontrollable. Possible response: Plan a balanced day with some quiet time/privacy/space as well as outdoor play times. " Encourage your toddler to play with other children, promoting sharing and turn-taking. By identifying the triggers, you can tailor your approach and address the root cause of the behavior. If you must discipline your child, do not feel guilty about it and certainly don't apologize. Apr 10, 2013 · In children with autism, biting is seen as either aggressive or self-stimulating behavior. Imagine an ax or knife cutting something. Replace the negative action of biting with a positive action. Tantrums are typically manipulative, where a child tries to get what they want by crying, screaming, or making a scene. It’s a way of getting to know their world. “That’s why babies suck for comfort. Respond to the event with an abrupt reprimand (“No” or “No Biting”) and isolate and ignore the perpetrator. Toddlers are beginning to learn how to express their wants and needs. The difference in tone is children). I usually can catch it in time but recently my class size changed from 22 kids with two teachers to 11 kids with just me. It provokes strong, negative emotions because it is seen as an invasive and personal attack. feeling that another child is interfering in their game or activity. g. Young children may express frustration by biting when they are: tired or unwell. If you express your anger in quiet, peaceful ways, your child probably will follow your example. Make sure your child isn't hungry before plunging into the social pool. Provide healthy munchies. In others, bad behavior could be contributed to the child seeking out attention, or avoiding work or non-preferred play. They may be nonverbal and be unable to engage with people. “No biting. Even little teeth can break the skin. 3. Babies and toddlers soothe themselves and want to feel the same as they did in their mother’s womb. Toddlers may bite when they are excited, especially when they are playing with other children. Most toddlers get May 17, 2016 · Most biting occurs in children between the ages of 1-and-a-half and 3 years old. Nov 29, 2022 · The first thing to do for any biting injury is to wash the area with soap and water. If a child is biting, you might say, “Here, bite this instead,” and offer them a teething ring to chew on. Help children with the transition from physical play to quieter activities. Read books together about dealing with tough emotions. Making a plan is really going to be helpful if, while you were assessing, you checked when the behavior happened, as well as when the behavior never happened. Respond positively when they seek your attention in appropriate ways. So often, we focus on helping nonverbal children express themselves that we give short shrift to helping them understand what’s expected of them. Other habits that feed a child’s vestibular stimulation include head rolling Respond to the situation quickly and calmly to immediately stop the biting. My functionally non-verbal son is in his 40s and is fairly well-behaved with some OCD behaviors. HSE, CHW. Sep 11, 2023 · Encourage sharing: If the child who bit is willing, encourage them to share a toy or activity with the victim. Stay strong. Perform first aid if necessary. vm is ce jv ly is fr zs oe gv