Poetic devices examples. html>ud " The statement is logically impossible to resolve: if the statement is true, then it is false; and if the statement is false, then it is true. It tricks the human brain into thinking an unreal into a real. (Blade Runner) Life is like riding a bicycle. Here is the analysis of some of the poetic devices used in this poem. Put more broadly: rather than using language figuratively to construct a new and unexpected meaning (as in literary Jun 6, 2022 · Here’s a brief list of some popular poetry forms used as poetic devices: Ghazal: originally Arabic love poetry and now a popular South Asian song form. Contents show. Repetition: is a poetic technique that refers to the reuse of words, phrases, and images Definition of Synesthesia. A limerick is a poetic form comprised of one stanza with five lines and a rhyme scheme of AABBA that usually is humorous. 1) Sonnet: A sonnet is a fourteen-line poem in which the same idea runs throughout the poem in both of its parts such as the first part, an octet (eight lines), and a sextet (six lines), the second part. They help to enhance the beauty and meaning of a poem. Rhythm usually applies to poetry, although there are examples in prose poetry and prose. Poetic devices enhance the effectiveness and appeal of the poems in the mind of the readers. These include William Shakespeare, John Keats, William Carlos Williams, and William Wordsworth. Call for the captain in the melancholy tone strongly supports the theme along with these repeated words. An allusion is a literary device used to reference another object outside of the work of literature. The repetition of initial stressed, consonant sounds in a series of words within a phrase or verse line. Poetic devices are techniques used by poets to create a desired effect or convey a particular message in their work. The analysis of some of the poetic devices used in this poem is given below. However, in a broad sense, repetition as a literary device includes repeating sounds through consonance, assonance, and alliteration as well. The purpose of this article is to provide a concise overview of 10 poetic devices with examples. Parable is a figure of speech, which presents a short story, typically with a moral lesson at the end. As a literary device, imagery consists of descriptive language that can function as a way for the reader to better imagine the world of the piece of literature and also add symbolism to the work. Nonfiction Authors can use alliteration to create catchy chapter or subsection titles. The first, second, and fifth lines of limerick examples often contain three anapestic feet while the third and fourth lines are shorter Enjambment is a term used in poetry to refer to lines that end without punctuation and without completing a sentence or clause. You often have heard stories from your elders, such as The Boy Who Cried Wolf, and All is Vanity. In literature, a conceit is an elaborate, convoluted, or unlikely comparison between two things or ideas. These devices include rhyme, meter, alliteration, assonance, imagery, metaphor, simile, personification, and hyperbole, among others. Examples of Poetic Devices As a literary technique, the juxtaposition definition is to place two concepts, characters, ideas, or places near or next to each other so that the reader will compare and contrast them. Ah Sun-flower, weary of time, Who countest the steps of the sun; Seeking after the sweet golden clime. When employed properly, the different literary devices help readers to appreciate, interpret and analyze a literary work. PDF Downloads. The fox and the grapes. Hey, hey, set me free / Stupid Cupid stop picking on me. Every night in my dreams I see you, I feel you…. Alliteration Browse this list of poetic terms, including literary devices, poetic forms and techniques, and schools and movements. Imagery Examples. It’s up to you / New York, New York. ” In this song, Swift uses almost all of the poetic devices mentioned in this post. Imagery; Imagery is a literary device used in poetry, novels, and other writing that uses vivid description that appeals to a readers’ senses to create an image or idea in their head. Eleanor Roosevelt's line, " A woman is like a teabag —you never know how strong Feb 16, 2023 · Poetic devices are often employed by writers to improve a poem’s rhythm, create atmosphere, convey meaning and evoke an emotional response from the reader. Jun 13, 2023 · This poem is a good example of Enjambment poetic device. As noted above, almost all animal noises are examples of onomatopoeia. The excerpt here also contains several short “e” sounds in quick succession, giving these two lines an extra sense of unity. 10 Poetic Devices With Examples. Example #2: Canto-I, The Rape of the Lock (by Alexander Pope) “The Rape of the Lock” has an abundance of scintillating and sparkling wit. Below are some commonly used poetic devices with examples. Think of poetic devices as the different tools and techniques a painter might use to produce their masterpiece. Poetic devices are the creative tools that poets employ to enrich their works and imbue them with beauty, depth, and resonance. ”. “She sells seashells by the seashore. Some examples of this kind of poetic device are allegory, allusion Example 1. The word “contrast” came originally from the Latin words contra- and stare, meaning . 1. Break down every poem we cover. The wolf in sheep’s clothing. We can add onomatopoeia to create some interesting textures or use rhythm By any other name would smell as sweet. Example: Words like “blog” (web + log), “paratrooper” (parachute + trooper), “motel” (motor + hotel), and “telethon” (telephone + marathon) are all portmanteaus in common English. The development of motifs in a work of literature often As a literary device, a ballad is a narrative poem, typically consisting of a series of four-line stanzas. Aug 31, 2022 · If you’ve practiced or studied creative writing, chances are you’ve encountered the expression “paint a picture with words. it’s a matter of time. In addition, repetitive sounds in paired words are often appealing to both speakers and listeners. Love can touch us one time And last for a lifetime…. Poems are created out of poetic devices via a composite of: structural, grammatical, rhythmic, metrical, verbal, and visual elements. " Other times, the writer may make this equation between two things implicitly, as in, "He was wounded A motif is a narrative element with symbolic meaning that repeats throughout a work of literature. [1] They are essential tools that a poet uses to create rhythm, enhance a poem's meaning, or intensify a mood or feeling. (Nun) The repetition of words ‘rise up’, ‘for you’, and ‘O Captain’ is evident in the example. To make the comparison, similes most often use the connecting words "like" or "as," but can also use other words that indicate an explicit comparison. (See also consonance and assonance . Though repetitions of sounds are also effective literary devices, in general, the literary term repetition refers to the intentional use of recurring words and phrases in poetry or prose. Near, far, wherever you are I believe that the heart does go on. “Get busy living or get busy dying. Where the traveler’s journey is done; In this poem, the sunflower is used as the symbol for human and the ‘sun’ symbolizes life. To the swinging and the ringing. Rhythm is a literary device which demonstrates the long and short patterns through stressed In contrast to Literary Elements, Literary Techniques are not unavoidable aspect of literary works. Many of these brief definitions link to a longer page including a more detailed definition, example poems, related essays, and other resources. Definition, Usage and a list of Anthropomorphism Examples in common speech and literature. Writing Repetition When exploring poetic diction, readers are likely to notice the use of elisions and syncope. This technique also may imply a link that is not necessarily real or to be trusted. Some poems incorporate rhyme schemes, with two or more lines that end in like-sounding words. Repetition occurs in so many different forms that it is usually not thought of as a single figure of speech. Here are a few examples of figurative languages in songs: My heart will go on – Celine Dion. literary devices refers to the typical structures used by writers in their works to convey his or her messages in a simple manner to the readers. For example, “4 Best Bets for Better Business. Antithesis is an effective literary device and figure of speech in which a writer intentionally juxtaposes two contrasting ideas or entities. Common Examples of Onomatopoeia. Here are some famous examples of simile: Easy Like Sunday Morning (Lionel Richie) All those moments will be lost in time, like… tears in rain. The following example is translated by Thomas Wentworth Higgins. It is deliberately inserted to make readers discover the Jun 16, 2022 · About the Poem: A tiger in the Zoo’. Antithesis is typically achieved through parallel structure, in which opposing concepts or elements are paired in adjacent phrases, clauses, or sentences. These traditional or “folk” ballads are For example, if a hard-working couple wins the lottery after years of being good citizens, this a positive example of poetic justice. The buzzing bee flew away. Contrast generally involves a juxtaposition of two unlike things in order to showcase their differences. In this poem, the poet uses the device of metaphor in the 3rd line of the 1st In everyday life, an example of cacophony would be the amalgamation of different sounds you hear in a busy city street or market. He looked at the roaring. Alliteration is shown using "The gracious green grass grew quickly" as an example while irony is demonstrated through A contrast in literature is any difference between two or more tangible or abstract entities, such as characters, settings, opinions, tones, and so on. It is often harder to find a poem that doesn’t utilize it than one that does. Various poetic devices serve different purposes. Example of Imagery in Romeo and Juliet. Like metaphor, simile, and allegory, a conceit allows the reader to better understand something based on their understanding of a second thing. As a literary device, allusion allows a writer to compress a great deal of meaning and significance into a word or phrase. While some can be used in both prose and poetry, those used specifically in poetry are known as poetic devices. The Bible is one of the best examples of literature with rich literary devices. It is a short poem having one stanza in it. a literary device used for comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind using “as” or “like”. These are parables, because they teach you a certain moral lesson. Little Red Corvette / You need a love that’s gonna last. Rhythm. Literally speaking, an illusion is something that is false and not factual. “Be bold. That is why the passion in him burns. The books fell on the table with a loud thump. Alliteration. “The cat sat on the mat. Contrast. Rhetorical Question Examples Rhetorical Question Examples in Literature. Download and print any of our guides. An illusion is a false illustration of something, a deceptive impression, or a false belief. In addition, rhyme is principally a function of sound rather than spelling. The devices also create words that only exist in poetry, such as “howe’er” or “grow’st. For example, the phrase “kids’ coats” is alliterative; though Definition of Allusion. It has been used by poets throughout history, including some of the best-known poets of all time. Example: Aimee Nezhukumatathil’s “Red Ghazal. Contrast comes from the Latin word, contra stare, meaning to stand against. The use of different literary devices such as apostrophes, similes, and metaphors along with a specific rhyme scheme has made this to be placed at the top among the best Petrarchan sonnets. Definition, Usage and a list of Rhythm Examples in common speech and literature. Some examples include: Simile-“I can read you like a magazine” Here are some examples of the apostrophe in well-known song lyrics: Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star / How I wonder what you are. Instead, it's more useful to think of repetition as being a category that covers a number of more specific May 7, 2024 · Poetic Devices are literary techniques that are found in poems. “ Like dew, how long shall I wait for the first flash of the sun? 2. The humor can be clean, though it often verges on the obscene. All. Sibilance is a literary device where strongly stressed consonants are created deliberately by producing air from vocal tracts through the use of lips and tongue. In literature, visual imagery can be found in many places. Much more common real world use of figurative language: However, when people (including Example #3. These are tempo, regular features, beat, cadence, flow, pace, time, pulse, throb, and swing. Poetic Devices Based On The Meaning Of The Words: Such poetic devices completely depend upon the meanings of the words which are being used by the poet in the poem. Simile is also found in many famous examples of poetry, prose , drama, lyrics, and even clever quotations. The different sounds of animals are also considered as examples of onomatopoeia. Here are some examples of conversational anaphora: “Go big or go home. Poets often use poetic devices in order to create powerful images and tap into the readers’ emotions. This word or alphabet is often connected to the theme of the poem. the Poem ‘The Trees’ is a good example of imagery and metaphor in conveying the thoughts of the poet Adrienne Rich. Motifs may come in the form of reoccurring imagery, language, structure, or contrasts. An allusion is a reference, typically brief, to a person, place, thing, event, or other literary work with which the reader is presumably familiar. It has been used throughout the poem. Examples of Enjambment in Poetry Aug 17, 2021 · Portmanteau. the repetition of sounds in a sequence of words. The word juxtaposition comes from the Latin for “side by side” with 30 Common Literary Devices. “Give me liberty or give me death. Alliteration is the repetition of initial consonant sounds within a group of words. Analysis of Poetic Devices in Fire and Ice. “The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain. An acrostic is a literary device in which the first letter of every verse consecutively forms a word or message. tea and toast. Anthropomorphism is a literary device that can be defined as a technique in which a writer ascribes human traits, ambitions, emotions or entire behavior to animals, non-human beings, natural phenomena or objects. “The wind whispered through the trees. If the main character is intelligent but physically frail, the foil can be a brawny dimwit. “Life is a highway. This poem contrasts a tiger in the zoo with the tiger in its natural habitat. The classic example of logical paradox is the statement "This statement is false. The comparison in a metaphor can be stated explicitly, as in the sentence "Love is a battlefield. That’s the magic of poetic devices. The devices are simile, metaphor, alliteration, onomatopoeia, assonance, consonance, hyperbole, personification, imagery, and symbolism. Anaphora is used in a conversational way to express emotion and as a means of emphasizing or affirming a point or idea. For Annie by Edgar Allan Poe. the nectar of knowledge. Through imagery, the reader imagines a similar Sep 1, 2023 · 20 Poetic Devices with Examples – Most Commonly Used Poetic Devices in English. Chiasmus is a rhetorical device in which two or more clauses are balanced against each other by the reversal of their structures in order to produce an artistic effect. Be brief. When a poet uses enjambment, he or she continues a sentence beyond the end of the line into a subsequent line or lines. Parable is, in fact, a Greek word, parable, which means “ comparison. This document defines and provides examples of common poetic devices including alliteration, ambiguity, irony, simile, metaphor, personification, sibilance, onomatopoeia, rhyme, and iambic pentameter. They’re the secret ingredients that turn ordinary sentences into literary feasts, and we’re about to raid the pantry! This literary device is incredibly popular. Without poetic devices, we wouldn’t be able to write an effective poem. A very good example of a rhetorical question in literature is from Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. These devices encompass a wide range of techniques, such as metaphors, similes, personification, alliteration, rhyme, and imagery. Simply, it is a type of opposition between two objects, highlighted to emphasize their differences. Contrast is a rhetorical device through which writers identify differences between two subjects, places, persons, things, or ideas. Some additional key details about onomatopoeia: Here’s a quick and simple definition: Anaphora is a figure of speech in which words repeat at the beginning of successive clauses, phrases, or sentences. Imagery draws on the five senses, namely the details of taste, touch, sight, smell, and sound. Rhyme most often occurs at the ends of poetic lines. With enjambment, the end of a poetic phrase extends past the end of the poetic line. Allusions can be shorthand for adding emotion or significance to a passage by drawing on the reader’s prior associations Let it be, yeah, let it be. For example, words such as “buzz,” “hiss,” and “boom” are examples of onomatopoeia. Definition of Contrast. Line-by-line poetry analysis. This draws Here’s a quick and simple definition: A metaphor is a figure of speech that compares two different things by saying that one thing is the other. Teacher Editions. ” Browse poems with alliteration. The sack fell into the river with a splash. —The Beatles, “Let it Be”. Line-by-line translations of every play. Example: “With swift, slow; sweet, sour; adazzle, dim” from Gerard Manley Hopkins’s “Pied Beauty. Poetic Devices refer to those techniques a poet uses to bring uniqueness to his text. For example, words rhyme that end with the same vowel sound but have Examples of Antithesis in Literature. Oct 2, 2022 · Examples. The object can be a real or fictional person, event, quote, or other work of artistic expression. The grasshopper and the ants. Enjambment is a literary device in which a line of poetry carries its idea or thought over to the next line without a grammatical pause. narrative with two levels of meaning, one stated and one unstated. Rhythm refers to the use of long and short stresses, or stressed and unstressed, within the writing. the repetition of a word or phrase, usually at the beginning of a line. In drama, motifs may also take the form of repeated music, visual components, or physical movements. Poetic Devices. The poetic devices (literary elements) used in the poem ‘The Trees’ are given here. alliteration. Simile. Portmanteau is the literary device of joining two words together to form a new word with a hybrid meaning. Imagine a world where words don’t just sit on the page—they dance, they sing, they paint pictures in your mind. 6) Conceit. You hear sounds of vehicles, announcements on loudspeakers, music, and chatter of people, or even a dog barking at the same time and without any harmony. “Ozymandias” also has the same two parts, to be Here’s a quick and simple definition: Repetition is a literary device in which a word or phrase is repeated two or more times. The little red hen. She draws attention to this issue by asking two important rhetorical questions, as noted in bold. Jul 9, 2024 · 15 Poetic Devices with Examples. Rhetorical questions are particularly common in plays, appearing frequently in both spoken dialogue between characters, and in monologues or soliloquies, where they allow the playwright to reveal a character's inner life. There are hundreds of other onomatopoeia examples in the English language, however. Metaphor. Poets choose words for their meaning and acoustics, arranging them to create a tempo known as the meter. The lines oof stanzas flow to next line without any punctuations. The poet gives out a strong message that the wild animals should remain in their natural habitat and not caged in zoos and cells. “As busy as a bee. Jun 15, 2023 · Poetic Devices Examples 6-10. Here are some common examples of allegory in the form of fables: The lion and the mouse. These devices are used in order to make lines fit metrical patterns and elevate the sound of the verse. This makes the characters seem more vivid and helps their attributes stand out. To have a better understanding of Literary Devices, it is useful to look at their definition and examples: Common Literary Elements. The poem moves from the zoo to the jungle, and back again to the zoo. Especially the old testament is full of images and visual impressions to enhance the depth of the topic and theme, some examples are as follows. For example, you might say, “The silence was as thick as a forest. The lines of stanzas flow to the next line without any punctuation. The foil is a structural-level literary device in which a supporting character forms a striking contrast to the main character. This means that the thought or idea “steps over” the end of a line in a poem and into the beginning of the next line. Here’s a quick and simple definition: Onomatopoeia is a figure of speech in which words evoke the actual sound of the thing they refer to or describe. It starts with two rhymed lines and continues that rhyme in every even-numbered line. Poetic devices are a form of literary device used in poetry. Many of these definitions are reprinted from Edward Hirsch’s A Poet’s Glossary. The city mouse and the country mouse. apostrophe. Shakespeare translations. Poetic devices. Examples of synesthesia often are in the form of a simile, as this is an easy way to link two previously unconnected images. Find the perfect quote and understand it. The feeling of distress is dominant in the lines. In Edgar Allan Poe’s ‘For Annie’ the irony cuts deep. However, allusions are only effective to the extent Example: One of the most famous literary examples of juxtaposition is the opening passage from Charles Dickens' novel A Tale of Two Cities: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope May 22, 2012 · Poetic devices & examples. It is the pace at which a reader moves through the next, where the stressed words/syllables are, and how those things affect the reader’s Visual Imagery (sight) Auditory Imagery (hearing) Olfactory Imagery (smell) Gustatory Imagery (taste) Tactile Imagery ( touch) A writer can use single or multiple imageries in his writings. Class 10 Poems. “A red rose symbolizes love. The rustling leaves kept me awake. They also allow the readers to directly sympathize with the character and narrator. Notice that the second half of this sentence is an inverted Alliteration is a literary device that reflects repetition in two or more nearby words of initial consonant sounds. O Christmas Tree, O Christmas Tree / How lovely are thy branches. If you liked it, then you shoulda put a ring on it. best bet. This literary device is often used in poetry, where it can create vivid images and sensory experiences, but it can also be used in prose Read More …. To make a comparison between two different things or to give examples, a poet uses one of the major poetic and literary devices called contrasts. pitter patter. In fact, through his wit, Alexander Pope has made a comic assault on a society preoccupied with superficialities. Alliteration need not reuse all initial consonants; “pizza” and “place” alliterate. Here are some categories of words, along with examples of each: Machine noises —honk, beep, vroom, clang, zap, boing. Metaphor: This poetic device is used when a covert comparison is made between two different things or ideas. There are 18 stanzas in this poem, and each stanza has six lines. The poem conveys relief that the fever of ‘living’ is finally done. For example, “Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. The following words are distant synonyms and come close to Rhythm in meaning. Definition, Usage and a list of Sibilance Examples in common speech and literature. The fox and the crow. Definition of Limerick. The singer Beyoncé also has a lighter example of epiphora in her hit, “Single Ladies”: ‘Cause if you liked it, then you should have put a ring on it. This definition would mean that figurative language includes the use of both tropes and schemes. It is a witty satire that ridicules idleness, laziness, follies, frivolities, shallowness Some important poetic devices in poetry include: Simile: is a comparison between two unlike things using the words “like” or “as”. Poetic devices can be a great way to connect with an audience on Feb 6, 2024 · 6 February 2024. Rhyme Scheme: The whole poem follows the ABCBBB rhyme scheme and AA, B, CC, CB, B, B for internal rhyme patterns. There are also countless examples of poetic justice in movies and television shows. Today, poetry remains an important Mar 31, 2022 · This poem is very good example of this poetic device. odds and ends. Here’s a quick and simple definition: A simile is a figure of speech that directly compares two unlike things. Imagery is found in all sorts of writing, from fiction to non-fiction to poetry to drama to essays. Below is a list of literary devices with detailed definition and examples. Ballads were originally sung or recited as an oral tradition among rural societies and were often anonymous retellings of local legends and stories by wandering minstrels in the Middle Ages. We can add onomatopoeia to create some interesting textures or use rhythm Common Examples of Onomatopoeia. In other words, it is meant to mislead the perception of readers, and deceive their senses. In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, Romeo describes his first sight of Juliet with rich visual imagery: O, she doth teach the torches to burn bright! Her beauty hangs upon the cheek of night, Acrostic Definition. If a corrupt businessman or politician is caught in a scandal and loses his position, this is also a poetic justice example. Dictionary definition of figurative language: According to the dictionary, figurative language is simply any language that contains or uses figures of speech. Be gone. Feb 16, 2023 · Poetic devices are often employed by writers to improve a poem’s rhythm, create atmosphere, convey meaning and evoke an emotional response from the reader. Rhyme is a literary device, featured particularly in poetry, in which identical or similar concluding syllables in different words are repeated. Let us try to understand chiasmus with the help of an example: “Never let a Fool Kiss You or a Kiss Fool You. (“After Apple-Picking” by Robert Frost) Robert Frost’s poem contains assonance in the title with the repetition of the short “a” sound in “after” and “apple. Poetic devices, also known as figures of speech and literary devices, are used by poets to add layers of meaning to poems and emphasize certain ideas or emotions. Be it creating imagery or adding rhyme and rhythm to a poem, poetic devices can make a poem more appealing. “You’re damned if you do Literary devices and terms are the techniques and elements—from figures of speech to narrative devices to poetic meters—that writers use to create narrative literature, poetry, speeches, or any other form of writing. Here, Juliet makes a statement that a man’s name does not define him as a person. a literary device that pulls comparisons between two unrelated ideas. ” Some examples are given below: Ah! Sun-flower – William Blake. Stanza: A stanza is a poetic form of different numbers of lines. This is done using various techniques like metaphors, similes, imagery, alliteration, hyperbole, and personification. O joyous, blossoming, ever-blessed flowers! Jun 27, 2024 · Poetic Devices with Examples. When used as a literary term, synesthesia is a figure of speech in which one sense is described using terms from another. The Bells – Edgar Allan. Your word is a lamp to my feetand a light to my path. Close reading made easy for students. ” In poetry and literature, this is known as imagery: the use of figurative language to evoke a sensory experience in the reader. Plot: It is the logical sequence of events that develops a story. For example, Martin Luther King's famous "I Have a Dream" speech contains anaphora: "So let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire. Whisper words of wisdom, let it be. Metaphor: is an implicit comparison between different images or ideas without the use of “like” or “as”. “A blanket of snow covered the field. Like other forms of literature, poetry is written to share ideas, express emotions, and create imagery. lily livered. The tortoise and the hare. Here are some common examples of consonance in everyday speech: fuddy duddy. Feb 10, 2023 · Some examples of this type of poetic device are alliteration, assonance, consonance, and cacophony, among others. Enjambment is also sometimes thought of as the running on of a thought beyond a line or stanza Mar 7, 2023 · Songs With Poetic Devices A perfect example of how to use these features effectively is Taylor Swift’s “Blank Space. The “boom” of a firework exploding, the “tick tock” of a clock, and the “ding dong” of a doorbell are all examples of onomatopoeia. Example #4. An acrostic is mostly applied in poetry, but can also be used in prose or word puzzle. Thank heaven! The crisis, The danger is past, And the lingering illness Is over at last, And the fever called ‘living’ Is over at last. Imagery can be literal. You can rightly point to the situation as being the cacophony Dec 4, 2021 · The continuous repetition of “b” sound in the above said stanza is a clear example of consonance. When a poet uses descriptive language well, they play to the reader’s senses, providing them with sights, tastes, smells, sounds Aug 31, 2022 · Poetry has been around for almost four thousand years. Definition of Imagery. Stanza: A stanza is a poetic form of some lines. Every single poem you read will have at least one poetic device within it. Poetic devices can add beauty and depth to writing by lending it a more lyrical Definition of Allusion. Alliteration does not refer to the repetition of consonant letters that begin words, but rather the repetition of the consonant sound at the beginning of words. Example- anaphora. ) allegory. The analysis of some of the prominent poetic devices in the poem is given below. fu tc yc dv ik yl ud wh vo ab