Can gypsy widows remarry

Can gypsy widows remarry. One of the key passages that discusses the remarriage of widows is found in 1 Corinthians 7:39. Each spouse may have had children, property, homes, and assets. Section 1 of the Act gave permission to the widow to remarry after the death of the spouse if there is consent between the two Hindus and such marriage would be legal and would not be nullified. Let go of anger and resentments from your past relationships. India is perhaps the only country where widowhood, in addition to being a personal status, exists as a social institution. age 50 and the claimant was entitled to benefits as a disabled widow (er) or surviving divorced wife or surviving divorced husband at the time of the Oct 10, 2020 · Well, Attorney Jet clarifies that regardless of how long you have been separated from your spouse, you cannot actually remarry without first obtaining a judicial declaration of nullity of the previous marriage. While the Church recognizes the pain and loss that comes with the death of a spouse, it also upholds the sanctity of marriage as a lifelong covenant. Clause (i) of Section 5 permits a widow to Mar 1, 2023 · Brick’s new book, “Widows Under Hindu Law,” is a detailed textual and historical analysis of four widow-related topics in India: widow remarriage and levirate; widows’ rights of inheritance; widow-asceticism; and the custom of sati, a former practice in India where a widow burned herself to death on her husband’s funeral pyre. If possible, let all the children in both families get acquainted before any marriage plans are announced. The Apostle Paul allowed widows to remarry in 1 Corinthians 7:8-9 and encouraged younger widows to remarry in 1 Timothy 5:14. Feb 9, 2022 · Widows in Regency England. Should the person at some point decide to get married again, the parish priest might ask for a copy of the death certificate or a copy of the obituary or testimony that the first spouse has passed away. Oct 10, 2018 · For a divorced spouse, the marriage must have lasted at least 10 years. There are of course sensitive factors, and one should remind children and family that all people are different, and that remarrying will never make you forget or replace Jan 9, 2015 · According to the Orthodox teaching, only one marriage can contain the perfect meaning and significance which Christ has given to this reality. If a widow or widower remarries before the age of Dec 15, 2010 · It’s a natural reaction that most people have—especially those who are still grieving the deceased. The brother of the deceased reli Remarriage is the exception rather than the rule; only about 10 per cent of widows marry again. Share. Don’t forget, if you are in need of legal advice for your marital questions, Wiselaw researches and lists family solicitors from across the UK, from Leeds, to Sheffield, Manchester Sep 27, 2005 · Most definitely. Watch on. Interestingly this scheme provides discretion to the Gipsy Widow derives from the hybridisation of two White Widow phenotypes, pheno A and pheno B. It aimed to challenge the prevailing social norms and empower Hindu widows by legalizing their right to remarry and protecting their property rights. Jul 15, 2023 · The Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act 1856, was passed on 16 July 1856. Accordingly, you can again receive pension benefits based upon your former spouse’s wartime service if the new marriage was annulled or declared void or you fall within the divorce and death exception window, January 1, 1971, through October 31, 1990. (1 Corinthians 7:39) Still, such a decision is entirely personal. Moreover, the majority of Prophet Muhammad’s wives were married before. Published April 30, 2015. There are many examples in the life of Sahabiyyat widows who remarried after their iddat. For people claiming survivor benefits, FRA is 66 and 2 months for people born in 1957 and 66 and 4 Mar 20, 2013 · He passed away almost four years ago, and I receive spousal retirement from him. Work on your communication and maintain openness and honesty with your partner. Feb 21, 2024 · This extension can provide an extra six months, allowing the widow to file a joint tax return beyond the regular deadline. 2) A surviving spouse who remarries on or after attaining age 57, and on or after December 16, 2003, can continue to receive DIC. I receive a surprising number of emails from military widows and widowers who are receiving Survivor Benefit Plan (SBP) annuity Growing up, I knew widows who instead of remarrying, would use their time to serve others, and often would move in with family, such as a son or daughter. Can widows remarry? What is kosher? #holeinsheet #marriage #jewish #hassidic. . ’ In Sikhism, the Anand Sanskar solemnizes marriage ceremonies in what Sikhs call the Anand Karaj. One notable passage is found in 1 Corinthians 7:8-9, where the Apostle Paul advises, “To the unmarried and the widows I say that it is good for them to remain single, as I am. Once you have received your Decree Absolute confirming your divorce, you can remarry immediately. He will then cease to be a permanent deacon. Local government. . If a person’s spouse dies, the widow / widower is absolutely free to remarry. Jan 7, 2020 · There are approximately 3. May 29, 2023 · Military widows and widowers can lose military benefits if they remarry before age 55. Section 3 of the act also stipulates Jan 4, 2022 · The only thing that can break the marriage bond, in God’s eyes, is death. 7. Eligible spouses and ex-spouses can receive up to 100 percent of the late beneficiary's monthly Social Security payment, if they have reached full retirement age, or FRA. •. The Orthodox Church permits widows to remarry. widows. Gypsy Rose Blanchard shared a video showing off her new boyfriend, Ken Urker, but social media users can't help but bash the ex-convict. In the Catholic⁢ faith,⁣ the process of remarriage ⁣for widows can be a complex and sensitive issue. The remarriage of the widow is considered to be legal and secures the legality of the children. Jul 3, 2017 · Free to Marry. If you remarry between the ages of 50 and 59 — you can’t get benefits. Do what feels appropriate and comfortable. Remarrying after divorce can only happen if your Decree Absolute Widow’s remarriage. purposes of remarriage on the basis solely of a final judgment declaring such previous marriage void. Sep 5, 2017 · Widow/widower, or divorced widow/widower payments— If you remarry before age 50 — you won’t be entitled to survivor’s or disability benefits unless you divorce. you will need to (a) Have her legally ‘Served’ with the Subpoena for Dissolution of Marriage and (b) before you can even file, you may have to re-establish your Residency in your home-country for perhaps 6 months. The petition was filed by a man against his former sister-in-law who had claimed the right over her deceased husband’s properties after she married another man. It was started in 1904 by Jagdishdutt Sharma from Bijnore, whose father, Shankarlal Sharma started the association for the promotion of child-widow remarriage. If a widow (er) remarries before age 60, she or he forfeits the benefit and, therefore, faces a marriage penalty. Gipsy Widow harnesses delicious lemony aromas and flavours, delivering a perfectly balanced high. Do I lose my TRICARE eligibility if I remarry? Yes. If however, you were not divorced with three divorces, but you were given only one or two. Yet, these remarriages were viewed negatively. This means that you will use your previous married name hyphenated with your new spouses last name. Marriage of Hindu widows legalised. Mar 25, 2016 · The Decree Absolute is a court-issued certificate that concludes the divorce process and confirms that your marriage has officially ended. A widow in Islam has the right to get re-married, with no embarrassment or fear of social insult. Individual Income Tax Return, by the original due date of the tax return. Ad. They would do things like playing piano for people, watching kids, volunteering, and cooking. In fact, in Islamic history, there were many great Muslim women who got re-married after their husbands’ death. It can take a couple of weeks to receive the certificate after the Decree is pronounced. Under current law, there is no penalty if the remarriage occurs at 60 years of age or later. In Bitter Mournings, Elizabeth Matthews, née Bennet, is a young widow who had the changing laws of inheritance, a prudent husband, and her father and uncle to thank for a financial independence which allowed her, and her children, to live comfortably. If you look through an Amish publication like The Diary for instance, you can find a monthly record of marriages, with several second marriages typically listed in each issue ( The Diary is a limited publication so wouldn’t include nearly all Amish marriages). Early Marriage: A Common Practice Among Gypsies. 16, 2003, and they are at least 57 years old. I am so tired of feeling lost and lonely. About 2% of widows and 20% of widowers get remarried (Smith, Zick, & Duncan, 1991). This act legalised the marriage of Hindu widows in all territories ruled by the British East India Company and marked one of the great achievements of the Bengal Renaissance. This strain is 50% indica and 50% sativa. Jun 10, 2013 · The widow of Nain (Lk 7:11-17), overcome with grief because of the death of her son, can serve as an example to persuade widows in a parish to accept the help of Grief Ministry groups. But these thoughts make me feel so guilty and disloyal to my late husband, who is now with the Lord. Turn in your ID card to the closest ID Card Office. age 60, or. In Romans 7:2–3, Paul says this: “A married woman is bound by law to her husband while he lives, but if her husband dies she is released from the law of marriage. The Act emerged against the backdrop of a society deeply entrenched in customs that Nov 10, 2022 · The average age of a military widow is 25. Within the Amish community, it is common to see people of advanced age dating after the death of their spouses. 5. This is especially the case where one’s partner dies. 1 Corinthians 7:8-9 ESV / 87 helpful votesHelpfulNot Helpful. (usually a valid driver's license or passport). ”. Sabri, a 36-year-old mother of seven daughters, lost her husband to a stray bullet during Jun 24, 2001 · But she should not use henna or saffron or perfume, either on her clothes or in coffee, because saffron is a kind of perfume. While some may feel ready to move on and seek companionship, others may feel conflicted about the idea of marrying again. A. It happens when two older people get married Jan 5, 2022 · Navigating the Process of ⁢Remarriage as a Widow in the Catholic Faith. Jun 11, 2020 · A. Then I realized that she still could not remarry, because she was still considered married to her dead husband which meant the playthrough was stuck unable to grow family at all Sep 27, 2022 · A widow (er) is eligible to receive benefits if she or he is at least age 60. You can remarry once you have received the Decree Absolute. Rights of widow in deceased husband’s property to cease on re-marriage. 3. Marrying a widow In the name of Allah, the most Beneficent, the most Merciful. Trying to figure out can a catholic widow remarry? For many Catholic widows, the question of remarriage can be a sensitive topic. That’s because only death—and not a piece of paper from the bishop—can actually dissolve the first marriage. Q. 4) The Prophet of Allah. To claim this extension, the widow must file Form 4868, Application for Automatic Extension of Time to File U. Sep 4, 2012 · i suppose because being legally and lawfully married is the standard for chastity. While there are differing interpretations among scholars and theologians, the general consensus is that a widow is allowed to remarry. Dec 13, 2023 · According to the Bible, the question of whether a widow can remarry is a topic that is addressed in several passages. Remarkable! Jul 24, 2015 · The Hon’ble Bombay High Court in a recent judgment has ruled that a widow, even after she has remarried, has the rights over her former husband's properties. ROCORwillbaptizeyou. I was widowed a few years ago and totally devastated by my loss. 4. No, you won’t, unless you remarry before age 55. It is to discard this bad custom that the Narad supported the concept of one marriage, he made an exception for widow remarriage under certain circumstances. She is contented with a little and is grateful and she will love her husband passionately. Assalaamu `alaykum waRahmatullahi Wabarakatuh. I’m a widowed spouse. For it is better to marry than to burn with passion. If you are caring for a child under age 16 or who has a disability and the child get benefits on the record of your former spouse, you would not have to meet the length-of-marriage rule. Aug 1, 2023 · Depending on their age, the ages of any children and marital status, survivors can receive from 100% to 71½% of the deceased spouse’s benefit. Mar 10, 2014 · The Laws of Marriage in England—. Remarrying after the death of a spouse is pretty clearly addressed by Paul at least twice and by Jesus as well. Romans 7:2-3 clearly states that a married woman is only tied to the husband when the husband is alive, but when he dies, the woman is free. The widow can still be chaste in a marriage with her new husband while being sealed to her deceased husband. Besides, Islam guarantees a widow’s right to get her Mar 12, 2019 · Lump-Sum Death Benefits. This factor is a demographic constraint on the chances of repartnering among the widowed, especially women. This law causes widows and widowers, including Kansans, to Jul 5, 2017 · The result of this ruling is that a widowed permanent deacon without dependent children cannot remarry lawfully unless he applies to be returned to the lay state. Sep 26, 2019 · Survivor pension for life was introduced for new entrants from 1 April 2008. Here are the major changes that the social reform brought into the 19th century Indian society. The death of Jinan Sabri's husband last year set off a series of crises that tore her family apart. Thus, the Orthodox Christian tradition encourages widows and widowers to remain faithful to their spouses who are dead to this world but alive in Christ. Let’s talk about this Jewish myth. Phileas-Faust. Jun 30, 2023 · The Hindu Widows’ Remarriage Act was enacted on 26 July 1856, drafted by Lord Dalhousie and passed by Lord Canning before the Indian Rebellion of 1857. 15 v. I had a tragic situation in my first playthrough where everyone in family, except the recently married daughter, died in first winter. One word of caution, if you are a surviving Apr 30, 2015 · Survivor Benefit Plan and Remarriage. Section. It represented a significant departure 1. My father remarried some years after my mother's death. It is ironic that, in spite of such provisions, widows are frowned upon when they decide to move on and attempt to start over. By Linda Gonschior, author of Bitter Mournings. UnSplash. This is typically referred to as a “hyphenated name”. Jan 27, 2012 · The Old Testament establishes several principles related to divorce and remarriage. It was called the “Bal Vivah Pracharini Sabha”. Keogh writes, “widowers are eight times more likely to remarry over their lifetimes vs. Whether a particular widow ought to remarry or remain unmarried is dependent on the particular circumstances. ago. With little prospect of finding new partners, widows with children must taken on the dual role of carer and provider. So, that is the first statement. Orders on all outstanding ancillary matters have been made. For whatever their reasons, most widowed men remarry, and they do so in short order. Remarriage after the death of a spouse is absolutely allowed by God. Nov 21, 2011 · Men and women are living longer, and it is more normative to remarry after being widowed. Often meeting the widower’s family and spending time with Remarriage a Social Taboo for Widows. The low rate of Apr 14, 2021 · Widows and widowers considering remarriage may face conflicting emotions, but finding love again can give a new attitude on life. And Allah is the Source of help. And Allah Knows best. [2] One of the deciding factors in The Hindu Widows’ Remarriage Act of 1856 is a crucial milestone in colonial India’s social reform history. Though I have no desire to remarry, I would like at least to have some companionship with the opposite sex. The 26th of July marks a major milestone. Jun 25, 2015 · But despite everybody’s good faith, and regardless of what the remarried spouse might personally prefer to do, there is just no way that the second marriage is valid. “We Support Our Troops” is nothing more than a Apr 13, 2023 · There is no explicit answer in the Bible to the question of whether or not widows should remarry. (Mazahirul Haqq p. Note that to Jan 18, 2005 · Marriage introduces the spouses into an ecclesial order and creates rights and duties in the Church between the spouses and towards any children they might have. It can be restored if your marriage is dissolved by death, annulment or divorce. Ceremonies constituted valid marriage to have some effect on widow’s marriage. If you don't report your marriage and you keep getting care, TRICARE will recoup on all claims paid during periods of ineligibility. Updating your will after a second marriage can have unique challenges since second marriages often create blended families. After the remarriage, the widow’s right to inheritance and maintenance ceases according to Section 2 of the act. Yes, the Bible allows Christians to remarry after their spouses die. Survivors retain pension for life if the member of the scheme left from 1 April 1998. The process of legally changing your name after a re-marriage is a bit more complicated than it is for a This journal in Hindi was entirely devoted to the cause of getting the Hindu widows remarried through classified advertisements. Since the sacramental marriage is also a liturgical act, it is appropriate that it should be celebrated in the public liturgy of the Church with the presence of a minister and witnesses. Why would it be wrong? when a spouse dies the other spouse is free to remarry or enter the monastic life. • Information regarding your parents, including birth dates, birth names, birth 23 Justice Prinsep, dissenting, held that as the remarriage was under Act III of 1872 and not as a Hindu widow under Act XV of 1856, section 2 of the latter Act was not applicable; and he was unable to accept the 'half-his-body' argument as ground for forfeiture when the widow remarried as a non-Hindu, given that neither change of religion (vide Act XXI of 1850) nor unchastity (vide Moniram Answer. D. Much of any initial negative reaction is because the individuals really do not know each other. The former leans more to the indica side, while the latter is the sativa-dominant counterpart. Having sex with her second husband in this world doesn't mean she isn't faithful in the sealing covenant with her first husband. First, God’s ideal was a marriage that united two people as one “as long as they both should live. Dec 5, 2023 · Back to FAQs Home. To the unmarried and the widows I say that it is good for them to remain single, as I am. No one should propose marriage to her, but it is OK to hint, but clearly proposing marriage is not allowed. 8. This remarrying is commonly referred to as companion marriage. After this, you will be allowed to remarry your former husband. Ultimately, the decision of whether or not to remarry after Dec 8, 2023 · If your spouse dies in military action, the government states you can’t remarry before the age of 55 or you lose all of your benefits. Jan 13, 2019 · The latest available data from Pew Research on remarriage, from 2018, indicates that men are much more likely to remarry after the loss of a spouse than women. Paul also encourages widows in the book of 1 Corinthians 7:8-9 to remarry. But if they cannot exercise self-control, they should marry. Note: If you remarry before you turn 60 and that marriage ends, you may become entitled or re-entitled Dec 21, 2023 · So what can you do to help ensure the success of your relationship if you are remarrying: Make your marriage a priority. Widowers, too. There is no waiting period before getting married again. In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful. I feel like there is a huge need for help from widows, and I would think that by the time you're Dec 31, 2023 · What does the Bible say about widow and marriage? The Bible addresses the topic of widows and marriage in several passages. It is absolutely certain you do not need to be sealed to your second spouse. Until 1753, the requirements for a legal English marriage were merely that the two parties exchange words of consent, two witnesses were present, the vows were said in the present tense, and the marrying couple be at least fourteen for men and twelve for women. If the owner wants to keep the house within his or Jun 12, 2014 · The probability of marriage (or cohabitation) depends on the supply of available members of the opposite sex (Guttentag & Secord, 1983). A fatwa of Shaykh Ibn Baaz, from Fatawa Islamiyyah, vol. But the new pension arrangements will ensure a spouse or By Frederica Mathewes-Green. If last day of service was before 1 April 2008 then the survivor pension is lost on remarriage or cohabitation. Sep 11, 2023 · Widows and widowers forfeit benefits by remarrying before age 55. It is still God’s desire today that marriages be permanent and be sources of joy and fulfillment to both parties. Otherwise, everything else would Aug 1, 2022 · Remarrying widows/widowers. Updated: May 4, 2022. The idea that remarriage is forbidden is, as some Sikh priests say, ‘an old fashioned myth. It's sad Jul 24, 2017 · BOOKMARK. 6 Manu, the ancient lawgiver Mar 25, 2022 · Hence widow remarriages are also frowned upon. Address issues before they become bigger problems. The child must Jul 15, 2023 · While getting remarried may not completely invalidate your will, it may create unintended consequences for your intended beneficiaries. 3, p. I am also a civil service retiree and get my own retirement. 6. If you do, your survivor annuity will be terminated. Save Article. If you remarry after you reach age 60 (age 50 if you have a disability), the remarriage will not affect your eligibility for survivors benefits. • 7 mo. It is permissible for a widow to remarry after her iddat period of four months and ten days if she is not conceived or till birth if she is conceived. “No death” means “no dissolution. ” (Chen, 2000). Yes a surviving spouse who remarries can be eligible for DIC in the following scenarios: 1) DIC can be restored if the remarriage ended in death, divorce, or annulment. The Family Home. In defense of the women dating widowers, it seems like those who email me understand that the widower’s friends and family may not be ready to see the widower with a new woman. So, join me as I discuss remarriage after the death of a spouse. He was married in the Church, without any problems (and by the very same priest, a relative, who married my father and mother and baptized all of their children (including me), and married some of those children and baptized their children, which was nice). However, 1 Corinthians 7:8-9 says that it is better to stay unmarried, and that if a widow does remarry, she should only do so if she is sure that she will be faithful to her new husband. May 23, 2022 · One of the statistics Keogh cites is how within two years of becoming a widower, 61% of widowed men find themselves in a serious relationship or remarried compared to only 19% of widows. Then, you will be allowed to remarry each other after you have completed your iddah. It wasn't like, jump out of a marriage and then let me Oct 7, 2022 · In the Amish community, widows are allowed to remarry and are not restricted from remarrying by their community restrictions. Mar 1, 2017 · In order to file a divorce on your Filipina wife, from your home-country. This means that many widows will have to wait 30 years to remarry if they want to keep their benefits. Just as Islam has instructed the virgin to marry so also it has instructed the widow to remarry. This is not the case! You must wait a further six weeks and one day from the date that your Decree Nisi was granted before you can apply for a Decree Absolute. But in view of the Section 5 (i) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, which states that a marriage may be solemnised between any of the two Hindus, if neither party has a spouse living at the time of marriage. S. Sep 11, 2023 · Disregard the remarriage of a claimant applying for benefits as a widow (er)s or surviving divorced spouse age 60 or over if the remarriage occurred after attainment of: •. " by Carrie Murphy Published: Nov 21, 2016. You must: Report your marriage to the DMDC/DEERS Support Office; and. Indian society also recognises the value of having a companion; even the Supreme Court had directed the Union government to frame schemes promoting widow remarriage. Whether you are getting married or just living together, before combining households you will need to think about what will happen to the house once the owner of the house dies. 315-316 . Widows’ deprivation and stigmatization are exacerbated by ritual and religious symbolism. Answer It is more preferable to marry a virgin as she can be easily moulded and is more cooperating. "It is possible to have two places in your heart for two special people. Although monthly Social Security benefits for widows who remarry may be affected, there is a lump-sum payment surviving spouses and children can obtain that isn’t Sep 28, 2021 · It’s a common misconception among divorcing couples that when a Decree Nisi is issued, this legally ends a marriage. Introduce your prospective spouse to your children as early as possible. Yes, it is possible to keep your previous married name if you re-marry. Saving of rights of widow. Nov 7, 2014 · Currently, war widows receiving pensions from schemes in place between 1973 and 2005 lose their entitlements if they co-habit or remarry. mosesandzippora · Original audio Answer: If someone was married and his or her spouse dies, the widow or widower is considered free to marry. ” Jan 4, 2012 · Divorce is taboo but Amish do fairly often remarry after a spouse dies. Once the marriage bond is dissolved at the death of the spouse Jun 19, 2023 · It is a sacred bond between two people, and it is essential for the continuation of the family line. Guardianship of children of deceased husband on the re-marriage of his widow. However, the Catholic Church has specific guidelines and teachings surrounding remarriage Nov 21, 2016 · 7 Young Widows Share How They Found Love Again. Whether their motivation is to have a loving relationship, perhaps someone to grow old with, or a marriage of convenience, widowed men Then if your husband divorces you, you must complete your iddah of that divorce. After years of campaigning, it was on this day in 1856, that the Hindu Widows Remarriage Act was passed. Effective Jan What About Remarriage? The Bible indicates that death brings an end to the marriage bond, thus presenting the surviving spouse the opportunity to remarry. One of the most notable aspects of Gypsy marriage is that it occurs at a young age. In an effort to curtail the plethora of rash Mar 6, 2022 · You'll both need the following: • Government-issued photo I. It is important, however, that children be aware of their parent’s decision and be supportive of him or her where possible. Deacon David Profitt, head of the diaconate office for the Archdiocese of Cincinnati, writes: “When a married man is ordained to the permanent diaconate, he receives the Sacrament of Holy Orders and the canonical conditions that go with it—with the exception of celibacy. 25 million widowers in the United States alone, and most dread having to grow old by themselves. At the heart of all of this is the high esteem in which the Church holds the value of the celibate state among its ministers in sacred Jun 30, 2021 · If the spouse remarries after the veteran dies, they can remain eligible for the benefit if the date of remarriage is on or after Dec. And the widows have been instructed to remarry more especially because there are some people who think it is below their dignity that they should get the widow in the family to remarry. Consent to re-marriage If you can afford it, a long-term care insurance policy may be a good investment once you remarry. they go ahead and do the legal route, because they can maintain their benefits if they remarry after the arbitrary age of 55 Dec 24, 2017 · The remarriage of widows is highly controlled by cultural sanctions imposed on them and remarriage can be viewed as a betrayal of the deceased's family (Hu & To, 2018; Bennett, Arnott & Soulsby Aug 6, 2021 · If you wish to remarry after a divorce, you must have first obtained the Certificate of Final Judgment for your divorce. Sikhism doesn’t prohibit remarriage, as many people, including Sikhs, believe. The Certificate of Final Judgment may be applied for if: It has been at least 3 months since receiving the Interim Judgment; and. In addition, divorces are common now for people of all ages, and these men and women often take new Jan 28, 2016 · If you do choose to remarry you may still be married in the temple, but only for time. Dec 29, 2016 · Terminated by death or divorce on or after January 1, 1971, and before November 1, 1990. Gypsy culture places a significant emphasis on family, and marriage is seen as a way to strengthen family ties. NPR's A Martinez talks to Military Times reporter Leo Shane III about attempts to end the remarriage penalty. That step, if taken, should be celebrated. Alternatively, you may simply go down to the county court house and be married there - it is your choice. ej pt cd xd ty vo uk cl ul tl